CALT study guide: acronyms and Researchers exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers

What is the most common type of agranulocyte in the mammal body? Lymphocyte Leukocytes are also known as? White blood cells Cells involved in the production of antibodies are? B cells (lymphocytes) What are the five types of white blood cells? Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte Lymphocyte What are the six lymphoid tissues? Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Thymus Bursa of Fabricus Peyers Patches What are the four types of cells that lymphocytes can be divided into? B cell T cell NK cell Plasma cell A high neutrophil count is called: Neutrophilia A low lymphocyte count is called: Lymphopenia True or False? The first line of defense is part of the adaptive immune system. False True or false? MALT contains subcategories that include CALT, NALT, and GALT True True or false? CALT is found in the cat only False What type of bone marrow produces the white blood cells? Red bone marrow 00:03 01:19 What immune system targets specific organisms? The adaptive immune system What is another name for antibodies? Immunoglobulins The contraction phase of the heartbeat that occurs as the current travels around the heart is called: Systole Normal electrical impulses in the heart originate at the: SA node The three types of blood vessels are: Arteries Veins Capillaries What are the four chambers of the heart? Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Contraction of the left atrium pushes blood through the______ valve and into the left ventricle. Mitral (or bicuspid) valve Contraction of the right atrium pushes blood through the ______ valve and into the right ventricle. Tricuspid valve The layer of elastic epithelial tissue that lines the myocardium on the inside of the heart is called the______ Endothelium The ____ arteries are responsible for bringing oxygen to the heart muscles Coronary If an anticoagulant is used when collecting a blood sample, the fluid obtained from the sample after it has been centrifuged is: Plasma There are 13 clotting factors. What's the minimum number of factors that can be deficient or absent before blood won't clot? Zero What are the three granulocytes? eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils What's the significance of red bone marrow becoming yellow bone marrow? The animal is older and requires less blood cell production What organ releases erythropoietin to stimulate erythrocyte production by the bone marrow? Kidney What organ stores blood to be used when oxygen is needed? Spleen Granulocytes are blood cells that have specific granules in their cytoplasm when the cells are mature What makes erythrocytes red hemoglobin True or false? The biconcave disk shape of erythrocytes results in a greater diffusion distance in and out of the cell as compared with a sphere. False What does oxygen attach to in erythrocytes? Iron that's part of the heme group What's the average life span of erythrocytes in horses and dogs, respectively? 150 days and 120 days What organ contains macrophages that are especially active in removing aging, dead, and abnormal red blood cells? Spleen What happens to iron in an erythrocyte that undergoes extravascular hemolysis? Its transported to the bone marrow What happens to conjugated bilirubin once its in the intestines? It's converted into urobilirubin by bacteria What's the transport plasma protein that picks up hemoglobin in the blood and takes it to the liver? Haptoglobin What can cause relative polycythemia? Diarrhea Vomiting Decreased water consumption What percentage of hemolysis is typically extravascular? 90% What's the parent cell of the platelet? Megakaryocyte Which cell is the most primitive? Pluripotential stem cell Which leukocyte is involved in antibody production and cellular immunity? Lymphocyte What term is used to describe the production of white blood cells? Leukopoiesis What cell is known as a PMN? Neutrophil Band cells are: Immature neutrophils Where are mature neutrophils stored until they're needed by the body? In the bone marrow and lining the small blood vessels of the spleen, lungs, and abdominal organs Any organism that's capable of causing disease is considered a/an Pathogen An animal's first line of defense against potential disease-causing organisms is the: Skin Excessive numbers of chylomicrons in blood can cause: Lipema Which blood cell becomes a macrophage when it enters tissue? Monocyte The innate immune system is: Fast to respond to foreign invaders Redness, swelling, heat, and pain are the four cardinal signs of inflammation. A fifth sign that's frequently added is: Loss of function Lysosomes in the cytoplasm of a phagocyte contain Digestive enzymes The complement system can alter a microbial cell membrane through a process of ____ that makes the microbe more 'visible' to the phagocyte Opsonization Natural killer cells are: Part of the innate and adaptive immune systems An immunoglobulin is also known as a/an Antibody Where do T lymphocytes mature? Thymus The first immunoglobulin produced by newborn animals is IgM The most common immunoglobulin produced after an animal has been exposed to a pathogen for a long time is: IgG What type of immunologic cell can protect an animal from a pathogen after the animal's initial exposure and during a subsequent exposure? Memory B cell Helper T cells help the immune response by secreting___ into the surrounding tissues Cytokines An attenuated vaccine contains modified live virus Transplacental antibody transfer from a mother to fetus is an example of passive immunity The virulence of a pathogen refers to the relative strength of the pathogen The type of hypersensitivity reaction that can be associated with a severe allergic reaction from a second exposure to an antigen is Type 1 reaction If you see a lymphocyte in a stained blood smear, its most likely what type of lymphocyte? T cell The heart muscle is called the Myocardium At what level is the heart in horses in ruminants? between the second and sixth rib Which valves close during systole? left atrioventricular and right atrioventricular Where does blood that's just been oxygenated in the lungs flow next? Left atrium