Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology

Contents 1 Organisation of the Body ........................................................................ 1 2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7 2.1 Cells and Tissues ........................................................................... 7 2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27 3 Measurement, Errors and Data ............................................................. 35 4 Chemistry for Physiology ....................................................................... 43 4.1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43 4.2 Solutions ........................................................................................ 52 4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis ................................................................... 61 4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles ......................................................... 69 4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers ............................................................... 79 4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules ...................................... 93 5 Integument ............................................................................................... 105 6 Homeostasis ............................................................................................. 119 7 Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125 8 Muscles ..................................................................................................... 143 9 Gastro-Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161 10 Endocrine System .................................................................................... 191 11 Renal System ........................................................................................... 211 12 Cardiovascular System ........................................................................... 237 12.1 Blood .............................................................................................. 237 12.2 Heart .............................................................................................. 250 12.3 Blood Vessels ................................................................................. 262 12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274 ERRNVPHGLFRVRUJ x 12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................ 286 12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control ...................................................... 297 13 Respiratory System ................................................................................. 315 13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................... 315 13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................. 335 14 Nervous System ....................................................................................... 347 14.1 Cells and Action Potential ............................................................. 347 14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy .................................................... 360 14.3 Autonomic System, Neurotransmitters, Refl exes .......................... 377 14.4 Special Senses (Eye & Ear) ........................................................... 389 14.4.1 Eye ................................................................................... 389 14.4.2 Ear .................................................................................... 397 15 Reproductive System .............................................................................. 405 16 Waves, Light Waves, Sound Waves, Ultrasound (The Physics Of) ...................................................................................... 419 16.1 Waves ............................................................................................. 419 16.2 Light Waves ................................................................................... 424 16.3 Sound ............................................................................................. 429 16.4 Ultrasound ...................................................................................... 432 17 Ionising Radiation ................................................................................... 437 17.1 Medical Imaging with X-Radiation ............................................... 437 17.2 Radioactivity, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine, Radiation Safety ............................................................................. 445 18 Electricity ................................................................................................. 465 19 Biomechanics ........................................................................................... 475 20 Energy and Heat ..................................................................................... 493 Contents ERRNVPHGLFRVRUJ © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 1 M.