ANTH 201 Full Course Notes

2022‐11‐2




Final 100questions 2hours
CHAPTER 11
213 on thefinalpart 43 on part 112
THE ADVENT
OF HUMANITY

Archaic hominins and Neandertals




Upperplistocene Ineartheendofthelastice
“ARCHAIC ” HOMO SAPIENS
age
 5 0 0 ka – 1 0 0 ka
Morefossils
 “Archaic” an all encompassing term for
Homo species during this time

Migration out ofAfrica
r as pean
 Includes:
 Homo antecessor


ÉITY lotsof variation
 Homo heidlebergensis
 Homo neandertalensis

 Geographically widespread
 Regional diversity

 Mosaic of H. erectus and modern H.
sapiens

 Combo of local adaptations + gene f low =
one species or several?




HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS lot'sofdifferentfamilytrees
 Refers broadly to very early archaic H. sapiens, Neanderthals werealwaysseen as a uniquespecies
600‐400 ka

havebeenableto
basedonbehaviourandlocationMay
interbreed

, 2022‐11‐2




NEANDERTALS Namefrom a GermanvalleyOriginallyfound in
 Europe & Middle East
EuropeLivedduringtheice
age
Boo
 Diverged soorya
3‐400 k?

 Became isolated in ice age Europe
Morphologically anextrememandrathale
 Earliest reports and
reconstructions over emphasized
their “brutishness”

 Morphologically extreme group in
W. Europe known as “Classic
Neandertals”




Discovered inNeandervalleyin1856 Germany
Namedin1864

Mayhavebeenfoundearlieraround1820theythought
it was a primativehumanthatsufferedfromdiseases
How we view themhaschangedover time




Important
NEANDERTAL CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY Occipitalbun slargepertrusionatthe
back

giggling capacity
 Large skull & cranial
largespacebetweenmolarandmandable Retromolargap
Low vault; low, sloping
forehead
 Occipital bun smallnochinmaybeduetosexual dimorphism
 Mid‐facial prognathism
 Large nasal cavity
 Large, rounded orbits Wereusingfrontincisorsforgrippingandtearingmeat
 Prominent arched brow
ment ridges
 No distinct chin leadingto a heavilymeat focuseddiet
 Large incisors, small
molars;
 Taurodontism


thentheroot unknownfunctions
lived in verysmallgroupsandfollowed biggame