Artikelen Adolescent Development
De Goede, Branje & Meeus. Developmental changes and gender differences in
adolescents’ perceptions of friendships.
Research questions:
1. How do mean levels of perceived support, perceived negative
interactions and perceived power in the relationship with friends
develop during adolescence from ages 12 – 20 years?
2. Hoe are these developmental changes associated to each other over
time?
Support:
Girls perceived a significantly higher level of support
from their best friends compared to boys. Support
develops curvilinearly with an increase from early to
late adolescence. The change was the same for boys.
Negative interactions:
Boys were found to initially perceive more negative
interactions with an overall decrease towards late
adolescence but negative interactions in girls’
friendships was found to remain stable throughout
adolescence.
Power:
Initially, boys and girls were found to perceive equal
levels of power of their friend. Over time, boys showed
an increase in perceived power of the friend, followed by a
slight decline. Girls in contrast, showed a stable level of
power of the friend, followed by a decline.
Interactive effects:
Higher initial levels of support were related to lower initial levels of
negative interactions for girls.
For boys, but nor for girls, higher levels of support were related to higher
levels of power. Higher initial levels of support were related to a greater
decrease of negative interactions.
For boys and for girls, higher initial levels of negative interactions were
related to higher initial levels of power.
Conclusion:
So friendships become increasingly more positive and supportive and
develop towards more reciprocity during adolescence. Girls perceived their
friendships are more supportive compared with boys from early
adolescence onwards. Negative interactions were less present in
friendships of girls.
, Sandstrom & Cillessen: Likeable vs popular: Distinct implications for adolescent
adjustment.
Sociometric popularity Who do you like the most?
= uniquely and positively correlate with friendship, peer affiliation, social
inclusion, prosocial behavior and leadership.
= uniquely and negatively correlated with overt aggression, relational
aggression and victimization.
Perceived popularity Who is the most popular?
= uniquely and positively correlated with relational aggression, overt
aggression, peer affiliation, friendship and leadership.
= uniquely and negatively correlated with withdrawal and victimization.
Perceived popularity in grade 5 predicted overt aggression, relational
aggression and disruptive behavior in grade 8. It positively predicted
relational and overt aggression at all levels of sociometric popularity.
For girls, sociometric popularity negatively predicted internalizing and
externalizing problems, whereas perceived popularity positively predicted
externalizing behavior.
For boys, sociometric popularity negatively predicted externalizing
problems, and perceived popularity positively predicted externalizing and
negatively predicted internalizing problems.
Harden: A sex-positive framework for research on adolescent sexuality
Adolescence sex is commonly perceived as deviant behavior whereas
abstinence from sexual activity is often presumed to be the healthiest
behavioral outcome. This article proposes a new paradigm in which
teenage sexual experiences are regarded as both developmentally
normative and potentially healthy.
Supporters of a sex-positive position are not advocating that it is always
good to be having sex. Instead, they consider the emotional, cognitive and
relational elements of adolescents’ sexual experiences to be critical
determinants of how these sexual experiences influence development, for
better or for worse.
Health consequences:
Adolescent sexuality is not necessarily pathological simply by virtue of
being adolescent. Given adequate education, access to reproductive
health care services and open communication with adults, teenagers are
capable of successfully navigating the transition to becoming sexually
mature adults without encountering unduly negative health outcomes.
Psychological consequences:
The experience of sex is not generally associated with worse psychological
outcomes. Relationship context may be a critical moderator of the
psychological impact of sexual experiences.
De Goede, Branje & Meeus. Developmental changes and gender differences in
adolescents’ perceptions of friendships.
Research questions:
1. How do mean levels of perceived support, perceived negative
interactions and perceived power in the relationship with friends
develop during adolescence from ages 12 – 20 years?
2. Hoe are these developmental changes associated to each other over
time?
Support:
Girls perceived a significantly higher level of support
from their best friends compared to boys. Support
develops curvilinearly with an increase from early to
late adolescence. The change was the same for boys.
Negative interactions:
Boys were found to initially perceive more negative
interactions with an overall decrease towards late
adolescence but negative interactions in girls’
friendships was found to remain stable throughout
adolescence.
Power:
Initially, boys and girls were found to perceive equal
levels of power of their friend. Over time, boys showed
an increase in perceived power of the friend, followed by a
slight decline. Girls in contrast, showed a stable level of
power of the friend, followed by a decline.
Interactive effects:
Higher initial levels of support were related to lower initial levels of
negative interactions for girls.
For boys, but nor for girls, higher levels of support were related to higher
levels of power. Higher initial levels of support were related to a greater
decrease of negative interactions.
For boys and for girls, higher initial levels of negative interactions were
related to higher initial levels of power.
Conclusion:
So friendships become increasingly more positive and supportive and
develop towards more reciprocity during adolescence. Girls perceived their
friendships are more supportive compared with boys from early
adolescence onwards. Negative interactions were less present in
friendships of girls.
, Sandstrom & Cillessen: Likeable vs popular: Distinct implications for adolescent
adjustment.
Sociometric popularity Who do you like the most?
= uniquely and positively correlate with friendship, peer affiliation, social
inclusion, prosocial behavior and leadership.
= uniquely and negatively correlated with overt aggression, relational
aggression and victimization.
Perceived popularity Who is the most popular?
= uniquely and positively correlated with relational aggression, overt
aggression, peer affiliation, friendship and leadership.
= uniquely and negatively correlated with withdrawal and victimization.
Perceived popularity in grade 5 predicted overt aggression, relational
aggression and disruptive behavior in grade 8. It positively predicted
relational and overt aggression at all levels of sociometric popularity.
For girls, sociometric popularity negatively predicted internalizing and
externalizing problems, whereas perceived popularity positively predicted
externalizing behavior.
For boys, sociometric popularity negatively predicted externalizing
problems, and perceived popularity positively predicted externalizing and
negatively predicted internalizing problems.
Harden: A sex-positive framework for research on adolescent sexuality
Adolescence sex is commonly perceived as deviant behavior whereas
abstinence from sexual activity is often presumed to be the healthiest
behavioral outcome. This article proposes a new paradigm in which
teenage sexual experiences are regarded as both developmentally
normative and potentially healthy.
Supporters of a sex-positive position are not advocating that it is always
good to be having sex. Instead, they consider the emotional, cognitive and
relational elements of adolescents’ sexual experiences to be critical
determinants of how these sexual experiences influence development, for
better or for worse.
Health consequences:
Adolescent sexuality is not necessarily pathological simply by virtue of
being adolescent. Given adequate education, access to reproductive
health care services and open communication with adults, teenagers are
capable of successfully navigating the transition to becoming sexually
mature adults without encountering unduly negative health outcomes.
Psychological consequences:
The experience of sex is not generally associated with worse psychological
outcomes. Relationship context may be a critical moderator of the
psychological impact of sexual experiences.
