TNCC 8th Edition Accurate Flashcards
What are the greatest risks for transport? ANSWERSLoss of airway patency, displaced
obstructive tubes lines or catheters, dislodge splinting devices, need to replace or
reinforce dressings, deterioration in patient status change in vital signs or level of
consciousness, injury to the patient and/or team members
According to newtons law which of these two force is greater: size or force?
ANSWERSNeither. For each force there is an equal and opposite reaction.
What is the relationship between mass and velocity to kinetic energy?
ANSWERSKinetic energy is equal to 1/2 the mass multiplied the square of its velocity
therefore when mass is doubled so is the net energy, however, when velocity is doubled
energy is quadrupled.
What is tension? ANSWERSstretching force by pulling at opposite ends
What is compression? ANSWERSCrushing by squeezing together
What is bending? ANSWERSLoading about an axis. Bending causes compression on
the side the person is bending toward intention to the opposite side
What is shearing? ANSWERSDamage by tearing or bending by exerting faucet different
parts in opposite directions at the same time.
What is torsion? ANSWERSTorsion forces twist ends in opposite directions.
What is combined loading? ANSWERSAny combination of tension compression torsion
bending and/or shear.
What are the four types of trauma related injuries? ANSWERSBlunt, penetrating,
thermal, or blast.
What are contributing factors to injuries related to blunt traumas? ANSWERSThe point
of impact on the patient's body, the type of surface that is hit, the tissues ability to resist
(bone versus soft tissue, air-filled versus solid organs), and the trajectory of force.
What are the seven patterns of pathway injuries related to motor vehicle accidents?
ANSWERSUp and over, down and under, lateral, rotational, rear, roll over, and ejection.
Differentiate between the three impacts of motor vehicle impact sequence.
ANSWERSThe first impact occurs when the vehicle collided with another object. The
second impact occurs after the initial impact when the occupant continues to move in
the original direction of travel until they collide with the interior of the vehicle or meet
,resistance. The third impact occurs when internal structures collide within the body
cavity.
What are the three factors that contribute to the damage caused by penetrating
trauma's? ANSWERSThe point of impact, the velocity and speed of impact, and the
proximity to the object.
What causes the primary effects of blast traumas? ANSWERSThe direct blast effects.
Types of injuries include last long, tympanic membrane rupture and middle ear damage,
abdominal hemorrhage and perforation, global rupture, mild Trumatic brain injury.
What causes the secondary effects of blast traumas? ANSWERSProjectiles propelled
by the explosion. Injuries include penetrating or blunt injuries or I penetration.
What causes the tertiary effects of blast traumas? ANSWERSResults from individuals
being thrown by the blast wind. Injuries include hole or partial body translocation from
being thrown against a hard service: blunt or penetrating trauma's, fractures, traumatic
amputations.
What causes quarternary effects of blast traumas? ANSWERSAll explosion related
injuries, illnesses, or diseases not due to the first three mechanisms. Injuries include
external and internal burns, crush injuries, closed and open brain injuries, asthmatic or
breathing problems from dust smoke or toxic fumes, angina, or hyper glycemia and
hypertension.
What causes quinary effects of blasts traumas? ANSWERSThose associated with
exposure to hazardous materials from radioactive, biologic, or chemical components of
a blast. Injuries include a variety of health effects depending on agent.
What are the three processes that transfer oxygen from the air to the lungs and blood
stream ANSWERSVentilation: the active mechanical movement of air into and out of the
lungs; diffusion: the passive movement of gases from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration; and perfusion: the movement of blood to and from the
lungs as a delivery medium of oxygen to the entire body.
When would you use a nasopharyngeal airway versus an oral pharyngeal airway?
ANSWERSNasopharyngeal airways is contraindicated in patients with facial trauma or a
suspected basilar skull fracture. Oral pharyngeal airways is used in unresponsive
patients unable to maintain their airway, without a gag reflex as a temporary measure to
facilitate ventilation with a bag mask device or spontaneous ventilation until the patient
can be intubated.
Describe the measurement of an NPA ANSWERSMeasure from the tip of the patient's
nose to the tip of the patients earlobe.
, Measurement of an OPA ANSWERSPlace the proximal end or flange of the airway
adjunct at the corner of the mouth to the tip of the mandibular angle.
True or false: NPAs and OPAs are definitive airways. ANSWERSFalse. When placing
one of these? One should consider the potential need for a definitive airway.
Name the three ways to confirm ETT placement ANSWERSPlacement of a CO2
monitoring device, Assessing for equal chest rise and fall, and listening at the
epigastrium and four lung fields for equal breath sounds.
When capnography measurement reads greater than 45MMHG, the nurse should
consider increasing or decreasing the ventilation rate? ANSWERSIncreasing the
ventilation rate. Doing so would allow the patient to blow off retained CO2.
When capnography measurement reads less than 35MMHG, the nurse should consider
increasing or decreasing the ventilation rate? ANSWERSDecreasing the ventilation
rate. By doing so, the nurse allows the patient to retain CO2.
What are the three stages of shock ANSWERSCompensated, decompensated or
progressive, and irreversible.
What are the signs of compensated shock? ANSWERSAnxiety, confusion,
restlessness, increased respiratory rate, narrowing pulse pressure were diastolic
increases yet systolic remains unchanged, tachycardia with bounding pulses, and
decreased urinary output
What are the signs and symptoms of decompensated shock? ANSWERSDecreased
level of consciousness, hypertension, narrow pulse pressure, tachycardia with weak
pulses, tachypnea, skin that is cool clammy and cyanotic, base access outside the
normal range, and serum lactate levels greater than two to 4MMOL/L.
What are the signs and symptoms of irreversible shock? ANSWERSObtunded
stuporous or comatose state, marked hypertension and heart failure, bradycardia with
possible dysrhythmias, decreased and shallow respiratory rate, pale cool and clammy
skin, kidney liver and other organ failure, severe acidosis, elevated lactic acid levels,
worsening base access on ABGs, coagulopathies with petechiae purpura or bleeding.
What are the four types of shock? ANSWERSHypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Obstructive, &
Distributive
What is the trauma triad of death? ANSWERShypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy
Describe the characteristics of obstructive shock ANSWERSObstructive shock is it
mechanical problem that results from hypoperfusion of the tissue due to an obstruction
in either the vasculature or the heart resulting in decreased cardiac output. Some
causes include a tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, or venous air embolism on
What are the greatest risks for transport? ANSWERSLoss of airway patency, displaced
obstructive tubes lines or catheters, dislodge splinting devices, need to replace or
reinforce dressings, deterioration in patient status change in vital signs or level of
consciousness, injury to the patient and/or team members
According to newtons law which of these two force is greater: size or force?
ANSWERSNeither. For each force there is an equal and opposite reaction.
What is the relationship between mass and velocity to kinetic energy?
ANSWERSKinetic energy is equal to 1/2 the mass multiplied the square of its velocity
therefore when mass is doubled so is the net energy, however, when velocity is doubled
energy is quadrupled.
What is tension? ANSWERSstretching force by pulling at opposite ends
What is compression? ANSWERSCrushing by squeezing together
What is bending? ANSWERSLoading about an axis. Bending causes compression on
the side the person is bending toward intention to the opposite side
What is shearing? ANSWERSDamage by tearing or bending by exerting faucet different
parts in opposite directions at the same time.
What is torsion? ANSWERSTorsion forces twist ends in opposite directions.
What is combined loading? ANSWERSAny combination of tension compression torsion
bending and/or shear.
What are the four types of trauma related injuries? ANSWERSBlunt, penetrating,
thermal, or blast.
What are contributing factors to injuries related to blunt traumas? ANSWERSThe point
of impact on the patient's body, the type of surface that is hit, the tissues ability to resist
(bone versus soft tissue, air-filled versus solid organs), and the trajectory of force.
What are the seven patterns of pathway injuries related to motor vehicle accidents?
ANSWERSUp and over, down and under, lateral, rotational, rear, roll over, and ejection.
Differentiate between the three impacts of motor vehicle impact sequence.
ANSWERSThe first impact occurs when the vehicle collided with another object. The
second impact occurs after the initial impact when the occupant continues to move in
the original direction of travel until they collide with the interior of the vehicle or meet
,resistance. The third impact occurs when internal structures collide within the body
cavity.
What are the three factors that contribute to the damage caused by penetrating
trauma's? ANSWERSThe point of impact, the velocity and speed of impact, and the
proximity to the object.
What causes the primary effects of blast traumas? ANSWERSThe direct blast effects.
Types of injuries include last long, tympanic membrane rupture and middle ear damage,
abdominal hemorrhage and perforation, global rupture, mild Trumatic brain injury.
What causes the secondary effects of blast traumas? ANSWERSProjectiles propelled
by the explosion. Injuries include penetrating or blunt injuries or I penetration.
What causes the tertiary effects of blast traumas? ANSWERSResults from individuals
being thrown by the blast wind. Injuries include hole or partial body translocation from
being thrown against a hard service: blunt or penetrating trauma's, fractures, traumatic
amputations.
What causes quarternary effects of blast traumas? ANSWERSAll explosion related
injuries, illnesses, or diseases not due to the first three mechanisms. Injuries include
external and internal burns, crush injuries, closed and open brain injuries, asthmatic or
breathing problems from dust smoke or toxic fumes, angina, or hyper glycemia and
hypertension.
What causes quinary effects of blasts traumas? ANSWERSThose associated with
exposure to hazardous materials from radioactive, biologic, or chemical components of
a blast. Injuries include a variety of health effects depending on agent.
What are the three processes that transfer oxygen from the air to the lungs and blood
stream ANSWERSVentilation: the active mechanical movement of air into and out of the
lungs; diffusion: the passive movement of gases from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration; and perfusion: the movement of blood to and from the
lungs as a delivery medium of oxygen to the entire body.
When would you use a nasopharyngeal airway versus an oral pharyngeal airway?
ANSWERSNasopharyngeal airways is contraindicated in patients with facial trauma or a
suspected basilar skull fracture. Oral pharyngeal airways is used in unresponsive
patients unable to maintain their airway, without a gag reflex as a temporary measure to
facilitate ventilation with a bag mask device or spontaneous ventilation until the patient
can be intubated.
Describe the measurement of an NPA ANSWERSMeasure from the tip of the patient's
nose to the tip of the patients earlobe.
, Measurement of an OPA ANSWERSPlace the proximal end or flange of the airway
adjunct at the corner of the mouth to the tip of the mandibular angle.
True or false: NPAs and OPAs are definitive airways. ANSWERSFalse. When placing
one of these? One should consider the potential need for a definitive airway.
Name the three ways to confirm ETT placement ANSWERSPlacement of a CO2
monitoring device, Assessing for equal chest rise and fall, and listening at the
epigastrium and four lung fields for equal breath sounds.
When capnography measurement reads greater than 45MMHG, the nurse should
consider increasing or decreasing the ventilation rate? ANSWERSIncreasing the
ventilation rate. Doing so would allow the patient to blow off retained CO2.
When capnography measurement reads less than 35MMHG, the nurse should consider
increasing or decreasing the ventilation rate? ANSWERSDecreasing the ventilation
rate. By doing so, the nurse allows the patient to retain CO2.
What are the three stages of shock ANSWERSCompensated, decompensated or
progressive, and irreversible.
What are the signs of compensated shock? ANSWERSAnxiety, confusion,
restlessness, increased respiratory rate, narrowing pulse pressure were diastolic
increases yet systolic remains unchanged, tachycardia with bounding pulses, and
decreased urinary output
What are the signs and symptoms of decompensated shock? ANSWERSDecreased
level of consciousness, hypertension, narrow pulse pressure, tachycardia with weak
pulses, tachypnea, skin that is cool clammy and cyanotic, base access outside the
normal range, and serum lactate levels greater than two to 4MMOL/L.
What are the signs and symptoms of irreversible shock? ANSWERSObtunded
stuporous or comatose state, marked hypertension and heart failure, bradycardia with
possible dysrhythmias, decreased and shallow respiratory rate, pale cool and clammy
skin, kidney liver and other organ failure, severe acidosis, elevated lactic acid levels,
worsening base access on ABGs, coagulopathies with petechiae purpura or bleeding.
What are the four types of shock? ANSWERSHypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Obstructive, &
Distributive
What is the trauma triad of death? ANSWERShypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy
Describe the characteristics of obstructive shock ANSWERSObstructive shock is it
mechanical problem that results from hypoperfusion of the tissue due to an obstruction
in either the vasculature or the heart resulting in decreased cardiac output. Some
causes include a tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, or venous air embolism on
