US History 1 - Unit 1 (Sophia.org)questions correctly answered

US History 1 - Unit 1 (S)questions correctly answeredhistory the study of the past bias prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair. 00:20 01:16 objective not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts historiography the study of historical writing social history the study of people and their social groups primary source An original document containing the observations, ideas, and conclusions of an individual. It is a firsthand account presented by someone present or actively participating in the event. Examples include manuscripts, photographs, oral histories, and personal journals. secondary source A secondhand account of an event or a retelling of another person's observations written by someone who did not witness or actually participate in the events. Includes sources that combine, synthesize, and or interpret information from primary sources. Examples include encyclopedias, textbooks, and reviews. critical thinking creating a clear, self-directed, and evidence-based judgement on a topic historical lens Analytical approach that a historian may take when interpreting and creating narratives about the past class the structuring of human society in terms of economic position and status. race the classification of humans into groups based on skin color or other physical characteristics and features. gender the social and/or cultural vision of what it means to be male or female. 00:02 01:16 Beringia An ancient land bridge linking Asia and North America, now known as the Bering Strait. Mesoamerica Geographic area stretching from north of Panama to the desert of central Mexico. empire A set of various states unified under a single authority, usually defined by: military expansion, a unified economic system, and a supreme ruler. trade network A series of paths or routes where trade and exchange took place. quipu An ancient Incan device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways. oral history The use of interviews and first-person perspectives in the creation of history. calendar sticks Ribs from the saguaro plant that the Tohono O'odham people marked to remember important events. moundville An archaeological site in Alabama, important historical site of the Mississippian culture of pre-Columbian America. archeology The study of past human events, especially prehistoric, using evidence found in excavation. prehistory A period of time that occurred before written records existed colonization The governing control one nation has over another people's economy, labor, geography, politics, etc. Columbian exchange The movement of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic due to European exploration of the Americas. commodification The transformation of something—for example, an item of ritual significance—into a commodity with monetary value. globalization The ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world vinland The coastal region of North America explored and settled by Vikings colonization The governing control one nation has over another people's economy, labor, geography, politics, etc. hispaniola The island in the Caribbean, present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic, where Columbus first landed and established a Spanish colony. chattel slavery A form of involuntary servitude where a person is owned as property. racial slavery A form of involuntary servitude associated with race, where a person is owned as property because of outward appearances such as skin color. conquistadores A Spanish conqueror in the New World, motivated by a search for wealth, national glory, and the desire to spread Catholicism. mestizo A person of mixed indigenous American and Spanish descent. Dutch West India Co. Established by the Netherlands to foster settlement and trade in the Americas. Metis The offspring from relationships between French fur traders and native women; many became guides, traders, and interpreters in New France patroonships Large tracts of land and governing rights granted to merchants by the Dutch West India Company in order to encourage colonization in New Netherland. George Bancroft one of the first historians to study U.S. History Revolution. Argued the revolution began as an act of God that would bring "everlasting peace." Carl Becker defined the Revolution as a political struggle among the colonists themselves when determining "who should rule" once the war for independence was over Charles Beard argued the founding fathers created the constitution to protect their own economic interests. Daniel Boorstin American colonial ideas about liberty were similar to post WW2 beliefs about freedom. Fighting for "constitutional rights" Gary Nash revolution was sparked by poor, angry colonists who were frustrated by economic conditions Sarah Knott argued the revolutionary war was about culture and giving Americans a "sense of self" Social historians included blacks, women and Native Americans - who were often ignored Karl Marx used class as a tool to understanding history. described American slavery as an economic system that exploited slave labor for the benefit of the upper classes (i.e., "bourgeois industry"). A class view of enslavement means to emphasize the economic conditions in which they worked. Hernan Cortes Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec ruler Moctezuma and claimed the city of Tenochtitlan for Spain in the 16th century. Amerigo Vespucci Italian explorer who navigated the South American coastline between 1499 and 1502 for the Portuguese crown. Christopher Columbus Genoese explorer commissioned by the King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to find a westward route to India. Columbus sailed to the island of Hispaniola in 1492, opening up the Americas to European exploration. Ferdinand and Isabella King and Queen of Spain who ruled during the Reconquista and promoted New World exploration, including the voyages of Christopher Columbus, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Leif Erikson the Norse explorer who established the first permanent settlement in Greenland. Believed to have visited North America 500 years before Christopher Columbus. Prince Henry Portuguese prince who supported exploration of the African coast and the Atlantic Ocean in the 1400s. Martin Waldseemüller German mapmaker was among those who read Amerigo Vespucci's reports. Using the explorer's first name as a label for the new landmass, attached "America" to his map of the New World in 1507, and the name stuck. Atahualpa Incan emperor who was captured and executed by the Spanish in the 1530s. Francisco Pizarro Spanish conquistador who captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa and defeated the Incan empire in South America in the 16th century. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Spanish conquistador who explored the present-day southwest United States in the 1540s Hernan Cortes Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec ruler Moctezuma and claimed the city of Tenochtitlan for Spain in the 16th century. Hernando de Soto Spanish conquistador who explored the present-day southeast United States in the 1500s. Juan Ponce de León Spanish explorer who laid claim to the area around present-day St. Augustine, Florida, for the Spanish crown. Moctezuma Last of the Aztec emperors. He ruled in the 16th century over the great city of Tenochtitlan, until the city fell to Spain Jacques Cartier French navigator who made three voyages of discovery on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River and claimed northern North America for France, naming the area New France. Peter Stuyvesant Dutch director-general of New Netherlands, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, in the mid-1600s. Samuel de Champlain French explorer who helped establish the French presence in the New World by founding the city of Quebec in 1608 and tirelessly promoting New France. The Olmec The mother of Mesoamerican civilizations. They developed a mathematical system, built huge edifices, and devised a calendar that accurately predicted eclipses and solstices and that priest-astronomers used to direct the planting and harvesting of crops. Most importantly, they created the only known written language in the Western Hemisphere. The Maya flourished from roughly 2000 BCE to 900 CE, when it entered a state of decline. Poor soil and a centuries-long drought led to this population's decline by 900 CE. The Aztecs The capital city of the _____ empire was Tenochtitlán, which was located near present-day Mexico City. It's population of over 200,000 made it larger than most European cities at the time. The Inca In South America, the _______ had no system of writing but kept records using a system called the quipu and communicated via runners called chasquis, who traversed the roads in a continuous relay system. Oversaw a successful empire maintained by an intricate network of roads that linked modern-day Colombia in the north to Chile in the south. North American Indians Various _______ cultures did not practice, or in general even have the concept of, private ownership of land. Henry VIII King of England from . His schism with the Catholic Church in the 1530s led to the founding of the Protestant Church of England, otherwise known as the Anglican Church. John Calvin A French lawyer who led the Protestant Reformation movement from Switzerland. Advocated making the Bible accessible to ordinary people, and stressed the idea of predestination, the belief that God selected a few chosen people for salvation while everyone else was predestined to damnation. Martin Luther A German Catholic monk who called for reform to the Catholic Church. His Ninety-Five Theses, published in 1517, triggered a movement called the Protestant Reformation that divided the Church in two. Sir Walter Raleigh English explorer who led the failed attempt to establish an English colony at Roanoke in 1584. Encomienda Legal rights to native labor as granted by the Spanish crown. Calvinism A branch of Protestantism started by John Calvin, emphasizing human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressing the idea of predestination. Protestant Reformation The schism in Catholicism that began with Martin Luther and John Calvin in the early sixteenth century Puritans A group of religious reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who wanted to "purify" the Church of England by ridding it of practices associated with the Catholic Church and advocating greater purity of doctrine and worship. Roanoke Also known as the "Lost Colony," this was the first attempt by the British monarchy to attempt a permanent colonization project in North America. The Ninety-Five Theses Written by Martin Luther in 1517, listing his views and criticisms of various Catholic Church practices. Atlantic World The rapid increase in trade, the exchange of slaves, and the rise of new forms of consumerism contributed to a growing Atlantic marketplace. Mercantilism A political and economic philosophy that stated that governments should run the economy and that the economy should be a tool to expand the power and size of the government and therefore the nation. Middle Passage The perilous, often deadly transatlantic crossing of slave ships from the African coast to the New World. Triangular Trade The economic exchanges that took place between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, wherein slaves and imported goods were transferred between continents. Joint Stock Companies A business arrangement where investors provided the capital for and assumed the risk of a venture in order to reap significant returns Mayflower Compact An agreement signed by the male passengers of the Mayflower, creating a temporary government for the Plymouth colony Puritans English Protestants dissatisfied with the Church of England, seeking simpler forms of worship Bacon's Rebellion An uprising of both whites and blacks against the Virginia colonial government in 1675-76, led by Nathaniel Bacon Gentry The wealthy colonial class that modeled itself after the English aristocracy Headright System A system in which parcels of land were granted to settlers who could pay their own way to Virginia House of Burgesses The colonial assembly for Virginia that represented the political interests of tobacco-growing elites Indenture A labor contract that promised young men, and sometimes women, money and land after they worked for a set period of years Plantation Large agricultural estates in tropical or semitropical regions where crops such as cotton, sugar, and tobacco were grown, especially using slave labor John Rolfe Jamestown colonist who introduced the cultivation of tobacco to Virginia. John Smith Jamestown colonist who served as president of the colony in its early years and whose leadership is credited with the colony's survival. John Winthrop Puritan religious leader who served as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in New England. William Bradford Puritan religious leader who led a group of English Pilgrims from the Netherlands to New England, and established the Plymouth Colony in 1620. Covenant Agreement signed by all members of a township in Puritan New England Household Economy System of labor centered around the family and a religious call to work, particularly in Puritan New England. Large families were encouraged, while the entire family unit was expected to do the work necessary to run homes, farms, and businesses. Maritime-Based Economy System of labor and trade that comprised ships and crews from New England transporting regional and foreign goods throughout the Atlantic World Salem Witch Trials The 1692 accusations, trials, and executions that swept through the town of Salem, Massachusetts Soul Liberty A concept advocated by Roger Williams, in which individuals were allowed to follow their consciences and tolerate all religions Town Meeting A style of government focused on local participation. In Puritan New England, these meetings centered around a central religious building and was often attended by the men of the surrounding community Wassailing Public celebration of Christmas by the lower classes during the seventeenth century; entailed marching on the houses of the well-to-do to demand gifts Proprietary Colonies Land in North America granted to key individuals, families or groups who, in turn, administered a colony on behalf of the English Crown Quaker Member of the Society of Friends; devoted to principles of peace and the doctrine of the "Inner Light" Iroquois confederacy A coalition originally comprising the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes King Philip's War Conflict between Puritan settlers and an Indian coalition led by Metacom (King Philip). In 1675, Metacom succeeded in driving back Puritan settlements, but he was defeated and killed a year later Pequot War Conflict between Pequot Indians and an alliance comprising of Puritan colonists and Narragansett and Mohegan Indians; ended in the destruction of the Pequots Anne Hutchinson Member of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who was banished for questioning the authority of the Puritan leadership of the colony. Her claim of direct religious revelation was seen as heresy. Roger Williams Member of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who questioned the Puritans' treatment of Native Americans and rejected the practice of punishing non-believers. After being banished from the colony, he went on to found Rhode Island as a colony that sheltered dissenting Puritans. William Penn Quaker founder of the English colony of