biology-essentials-3rd-hoefnagels-test-bank

Detailed Contents UNIT 1 Science, Chemistry, and Cells Chapter 1 The Scientific Study of Life 1.1 What Is Life? A. Life Is Organized B. Life Requires Energy C. Life Maintains Internal Constancy D. Life Reproduces, Grows, and Develops E. Life Evolves 1.2 The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches 1.3 Scientists Study the Natural World A. The Scientific Method Has Multiple Interrelated Parts B. An Experimental Design Is a Careful Plan C. Theories Are Comprehensive Explanations D. Scientific Inquiry Has Limitations E. Biology Continues to Advance Burning Question 1.1 Are viruses alive? Why We Care 1.1 It’s Hard to Know What’s Bad for You Burning Question 1.2 Why am I here? Investigating Life 1.1 The Orchid and the Moth Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life 2.1 Atoms Make Up All Matter A. Elements Are Fundamental Types of Matter B. Atoms Are Particles of Elements C. Isotopes Have Different Numbers of Neutrons 2.2 Chemical Bonds Link Atoms A. Electrons Determine Bonding B. In an Ionic Bond, One Atom Transfers Electrons to Another Atom C. In a Covalent Bond, Atoms Share Electrons D. Partial Charges on Polar Molecules Create Hydrogen Bonds 2.3 Water Is Essential to Life A. Water Is Cohesive and Adhesive B. Many Substances Dissolve in Water C. Water Regulates Temperature D. Water Expands As It Freezes E. Water Participates in Life’s Chemical Reactions 2.4 Cells Have an Optimum pH 2.5 Cells Contain Four Major Types of Organic Molecules A. Large Organic Molecules Are Composed of Smaller Subunits B. Carbohydrates Include Simple Sugars and Polysaccharides C. Proteins Are Complex and Highly Versatile D. Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Genetic Information E. Lipids Are Hydrophobic and Energy-Rich Why We Care 2.1 Acids and Bases in Everyday Life Burning Question 2.1 What does it mean when food is “organic” or “natural”? Why We Care 2.2 Sugar Substitutes and Fake Fats Burning Question 2.2 What is junk food? Investigating Life 2.1 Chemical Warfare on a Tiny Battlefield Chapter 3 Cells 3.1 Cells Are the Units of Life A. Simple Lenses Revealed the First Glimpses of Cells B. Microscopes Magnify Cell Structures C. All Cells Have Features in Common 3.2 Different Cell Types Characterize Life’s Three Domains A. Domains Bacteria and Archaea Contain Prokaryotic Organisms B. Domain Eukarya Contains Organisms with Complex Cells 3.3 A Membrane Separates Each Cell from Its Surroundings 3.4 Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor A. The Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Interact to Secrete Substances B. Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Peroxisomes Are Cellular Digestion Centers C. Mitochondria Extract Energy from Nutrients D. Photosynthesis Occurs in Chloroplasts 3.5 The Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells 3.6 Cells Stick Together and Communicate with One Another Burning Question 3.1 Is it possible to make an artificial cell from scratch? Why We Care 3.1 Most of Your Cells Are Not Your Own Investigating Life 3.1 Bacterial Magnets Chapter 4 The Energy of Life 4.1 All Cells Capture and Use Energy A. Energy Allows Cells to Do Life’s Work B. Life Requires Energy Transformations 4.2 Networks of Chemical Reactions Sustain Life A. Chemical Reactions Absorb or Release Energy B. Linked Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Form Electron Transport Chains 4.3 ATP Is Cellular Energy Currency A. Energy in ATP Is Critical to the Life of a Cell B. ATP Represents Short-Term Energy Storage 4.4 Enzymes Speed Reactions A. Enzymes Bring Reactants Together B. Many Factors Affect Enzyme Activity 4.5 Membrane Transport May Release Energy or Cost Energy A. Passive Transport Does Not Require Energy Input B. Active Transport Requires Energy Input C. Endocytosis and Exocytosis Use Vesicles to Transport Substances Why We Care 4.1 Enzymes Are Everywhere Burning Question 4.1 Do hand sanitizers work? Investigating Life 4.1 Does Natural Selection Maintain Cystic Fibrosis? Chapter 5 Photosynthesis 5.1 Life Depends on Photosynthesis 5.2 Photosynthetic Pigments Capture Sunlight 5.3 Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis 5.4 Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages 5.5 The Light Reactions Begin Photosynthesis A. Light Striking Photosystem II Provides the Energy to Produce ATP B. Electrons from Photosystem I Reduce NADP+ to NADPH 5.6 The Carbon Reactions Produce Carbohydrates 5.7 C3, C4, and CAM Plants Use Different Carbon Fixation Pathways Burning Question 5.1 Why do leaves change colors in the fall? Burning Question 5.2 Does air have mass? Why We Care 5.1 Weed Killers Investigating Life 5.1 Salamanders Snack on Sugars from Solar Cells Chapter 6 Respiration and Fermentation 6.1 Cells Use Energy in Food to Make ATP 6.2 Cellular Respiration Includes Three Main Processes 6.3 In Eukaryotic Cells, Mitochondria Produce Most ATP 6.4 Glycolysis Breaks Down Glucose to Pyruvate 6.5 Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More ATP than Glycolysis Alone A. Pyruvate Is Oxidized to Acetyl CoA B. The Krebs Cycle Produces ATP and High-Energy Electron Carriers C. The Electron Transport Chain Drives ATP Formation 6.6 How Many ATPs Can One Glucose Molecule Yield? 6.7 Other Food Molecules Enter the Energy-Extracting Pathways 6.8 Fermenters Acquire ATP Only in Glycolysis Why We Care 6.1 Some Poisons Inhibit Respiration Burning Question 6.1 How do diet pills work? Burning Question 6.2 What happens during hibernation? Investigating Life 6.1 Hot Plants Offer Heat Rewards UNIT 2 DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology Chapter 7 DNA Structure and Gene Function 7.1 DNA Is a Double Helix 7.2 DNA Stores Genetic Information: An Overview 7.3 Transcription Uses a DNA Template to Build RNA 7.4 Translation Builds the Protein A. Translation Requires mRNA, tRNA, and Ribosomes B. Translation Occurs in Three Steps C. Proteins Must Fold Correctly after Translation 7.5 Cells Regulate Gene Expression A. Operons Are Groups of Bacterial Genes That Share One Promoter B. Eukaryotic Organisms Use Many Regulatory Methods 7.6 Mutations Change DNA A. Mutations Range from Silent to Devastating B. What Causes Mutations? C. Mutations Are Important for Many Reasons 7.7 Viruses Are Genes Wrapped in a Protein Coat A. Viruses Are Smaller and Simpler than Cells B. Viral Replication Occurs in Five Stages 7.8 Viruses Infect All Cell Types A. Bacteriophages May Kill Cells Immediately or “Hide” in a Cell B. Animal Viruses May Cause Immediate Cell Death C. Some Animal Viruses Linger for Years D. Viruses Cause Diseases in Plants 7.9 Drugs and Vaccines Help Fight Viral Infections 7.10 Viroids and Prions Are Other Noncellular Infectious Agents Why We Care 7.1 Poisons That Block Protein Production Burning Question 7.1 Is there a gay gene? Burning Question 7.2 Why do we get sick when the weather turns cold? Investigating Life 7.1 Clues to the Origin of Language Chapter 8 DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis 8.1 Cells Divide and Cells Die A. Sexual Life Cycles Include Mitosis, Meiosis, and Fertilization B. Cell Death Is Part of Life 8.2 DNA Replication Precedes Cell Division 8.3 Bacteria and Archaea Divide by Binary Fission 8.4 Replicated Chromosomes Condense as a Eukaryotic Cell Prepares to Divide 8.5 Mitotic Division Generates Exact Cell Copies A. DNA Is Copied During Interphase B. Chromosomes Divide During Mitosis C. The Cytoplasm Splits in Cytokinesis 8.6 Cancer Cells Divide Uncontrollably A. Chemical Signals Regulate Cell Division B. Cancer Cells Are Malignant C. Cancer Treatments Remove or Kill Abnormal Cells D. Genes and Environment Both Can Increase Cancer Risk Burning Question 8.1 Do all human cells divide at the same rate? Why We Care 8.1 Skin Cancer Investigating Life 8.1 Evolutionary Strategies in the Race Against Cancer Chapter 9 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 9.1 Why Sex? 9.2 Diploid Cells Contain Two Homologous Sets of Chromosomes 9.3 Meiosis Is Essential in Sexual Reproduction 9.4 In Meiosis, DNA Replicates Once, but the Nucleus Divides Twice 9.5 Meiosis Generates Enormous Variability A. Crossing Over Shuffles Alleles B. Homologous Pairs Are Oriented Randomly During Metaphase I C. Random Fertilization Multiplies the Diversity 9.6 Mitosis and Meiosis Have Different Functions: A Summary 9.7 Errors Sometimes Occur in Meiosis A. Polyploidy Means Extra Chromosome Sets B. Nondisjunction Results in Extra or Missing Chromosomes Burning Question 9.1 If mules are sterile, then how are they produced? Why We Care 9.1 Multiple Births Investigating Life 9.1 Evolving Germs Select for Sex in Worms Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance 10.1 Chromosomes Are Packets of Genetic Information: A Review 10.2 Mendel’s Experiments Uncovered Basic Laws of Inheritance A. Dominant Alleles Appear to Mask Recessive Alleles B. For Each Gene, a Cell’s Two Alleles May Be Identical or Different 10.3 The Two Alleles of a Gene End Up in Different Gametes A. The Simplest Punnett Squares Track the Inheritance of One Gene B. Meiosis Explains Mendel’s Law of Segregation 10.4 Genes on Different Chromosomes Are Inherited Independently A. Tracking Two-Gene Inheritance May Require Large Punnett Squares B. Meiosis Explains Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment C. The Product Rule Is a Useful Shortcut 10.5 Genes on the Same Chromosome May Be Inherited Together A. Genes on the Same Chromosome Are Linked B. Studies of Linked Genes Have Yielded Chromosome Maps 10.6 Inheritance Patterns Are Rarely Simple A. Incomplete Dominance and Codominance Add Phenotype Classes B. Relating Genotype to Phenotype May Be Difficult 10.7 Sex-Linked Genes Have Unique Inheritance Patterns A. X-Linked Recessive Disorders Affect More Males than Females B. X Inactivation Prevents “Double Dosing” of Proteins 10.8 Pedigrees Show Modes of Inheritance 10.9 Most Traits Are Influenced by the Environment and Multiple Genes A. The Environment Can Alter the Phenotype B. Polygenic Traits Depend on More than One Gene Burning Question 10.1 Why does diet soda have a warning label? Burning Question 10.2 Is male baldness really from the female side of the family? Why We Care 10.1 The Origin of Obesity Investigating Life 10.1 Heredity and the Hungry Hordes Chapter 11 DNA Technology 11.1 DNA Technology Is Changing the World 11.2 DNA Technology’s Tools Apply to Individual Genes or Entire Genomes A. Transgenic Organisms Contain DNA from Multiple Sources B. DNA Sequencing Reveals the Order of Bases C. PCR Replicates DNA in a Test Tube D. DNA Profiling Detects Genetic Differences 11.3 Stem Cells and Cloning Add New Ways to Copy Cells and Organisms A. Stem Cells Divide to Form Multiple Cell Types B. Cloning Produces Identical Copies of an Organism 11.4 Many Medical Tests and Procedures Use DNA Technology A. DNA Probes Detect Specific Sequences B. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Can Screen Embryos for Some Diseases C. Genetic Testing Can Detect Existing Diseases D. Gene Therapy Uses DNA to Treat Disease E. CRISPR-Cas9 Cuts and Edits Specific Genes F. Medical Uses of DNA Technology Raise Many Ethical Issues Burning Question 11.1 Is selective breeding the same as genetic engineering? Burning Question 11.2 What are the uses of DNA testing? Why We Care 11.1 Gene Doping Investigating Life 11.1 Weeds Get a Boost from Their Transgenic Cousins UNIT 3 Evolution and Diversity Chapter 12 Forces of Evolutionary Change 12.1 Evolution Acts on Populations 12.2 Evolutionary Thought Has Evolved for Centuries A. Many Explanations Have Been Proposed for Life’s Diversity B. Charles Darwin’s Voyage Provided a Wealth of Evidence C. On the Origin of Species Proposed Natural Selection as an Evolutionary Mechanism D. Evolutionary Theory Continues to Expand 12.3 Natural Selection Molds Evolution A. Adaptations Enhance Reproductive Success B. Natural Selection Eliminates Poorly Adapted Phenotypes C. Natural Selection Does Not Have a Goal D. What Does “Survival of the Fittest” Mean? 12.4 Evolution Is Inevitable in Real Populations A. At Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium, Allele Frequencies Do Not Change B. In Reality, Allele Frequencies Always Change 12.5 Natural Selection Can Shape Populations in Many Ways 12.6 Sexual Selection Directly Influences Reproductive Success 12.7 Evolution Occurs in Several Additional Ways A. Mutation Fuels Evolution B. Genetic Drift Occurs by Chance C. Nonrandom Mating Concentrates Alleles Locally D. Migration Moves Alleles Between Populations Why We Care 12.1 Dogs Are Products of Artificial Selection Burning Question 12.1 Is there such a thing as a “pinnacle of evolution”? Why We Care 12.2 The Unending War with Bacteria Investigating Life 12.1 Bacterial Evolution Goes “Hog Wild” on the Farm Chapter 13 Evidence of Evolution 13.1 Clues to Evolution Lie in the Earth, Body Structures, and Molecules 13.2 Fossils Record Evolution A. The Fossil Record Is Often Incomplete B. The Age of a Fossil Can Be Estimated in Two Ways 13.3 Biogeography Considers Species’ Geographical Locations A. The Theory of Plate Tectonics Explains Earth’s Shifting Continents B. Species Distributions Reveal Evolutionary Events 13.4 Anatomical Comparisons May Reveal Common Descent A. Homologous Structures Have a Shared Evolutionary Origin B. Vestigial Structures Have Lost Their Functions C. Convergent Evolution Produces Superficial Similarities 13.5 Embryonic Development Patterns Provide Evolutionary Clues 13.6 Molecules Reveal Relatedness A. Comparing DNA and Protein Sequences May Reveal Close Relationships B. Molecular Clocks Help Assign Dates to Evolutionary Events Burning Question 13.1 Does the fossil record include transitional forms? Why We Care 13.1 An Evolutionary View of the Hiccups Investigating Life 13.1 Evolving Backwards Chapter 14 Speciation and Extinction 14.1 What Is a Species? A. Linnaeus Classified Life Based on Appearance B. Species Can Be Defined Based on the Potential to Interbreed 14.2 Reproductive Barriers Cause Species to Diverge A. Prezygotic Barriers Prevent Fertilization B. Postzygotic Barriers Prevent Development of a Fertile Offspring 14.3 Spatial Patterns Define Two Types of Speciation A. Allopatric Speciation Reflects a Geographical Barrier B. Sympatric Speciation Occurs in a Shared Habitat C. Determining the Type of Speciation May Be Difficult 14.4 Speciation May Be Gradual or May Occur in Bursts 14.5 Extinction Marks the End of the Line 14.6 Biological Classification Systems Are Based on Common Descent A. The Taxonomic Hierarchy Organizes Species into Groups B. A Cladistics Approach Is Based on Shared Derived Traits C. Cladograms Depict Hypothesized Evolutionary Relationships D. Many Traditional Groups Are Not Clades Burning Question 14.1 Can people watch evolution and speciation in action? Why We Care 14.1 Recent Species Extinctions Burning Question 14.2 Did rabbits come from frogs? Investigating Life 14.1 Plant Protection Rackets May Stimulate Speciation Chapter 15 Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life 15.1 Life’s Origin Remains Mysterious A. The First Organic Molecules May Have Formed in a Chemical “Soup” B. Clays May Have Helped Monomers Form Polymers C. Membranes Enclosed the Molecules D. Early Life Changed Earth Forever 15.2 Prokaryotes Are a Biological Success Story A. What Is a Prokaryote? B. Prokaryote Classification Traditionally Relies on Cell Structure and Metabolism C. Prokaryotes Include Two Domains with Enormous Diversity D. Bacteria and Archaea Are Essential to All Life 15.3 Eukaryotic Cells and Multicellularity Arose More Than a Billion Years Ago A. Endosymbiosis Explains the Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts B. Multicellularity May Also Have Its Origin in Cooperation 15.4 Protists Are the Simplest Eukaryotes A. What Is a Protist? B. Algae Are Photosynthetic Protists C. Some Heterotrophic Protists Were Once Classified as Fungi D. Protozoa Are Diverse Heterotrophic Protists 15.5 Fungi Are Essential Decomposers A. What Is a Fungus? B. Fungal Classification Is Based on Reproductive Structures C. Fungi Interact with Other Organisms Burning Question 15.1 Does new life spring from simple molecules now, as it did in the past? Why We Care 15.1 Antibiotics and Other Germ Killers Burning Question 15.2 Are there areas on Earth where no life exists? Burning Question 15.3 Why and how do algae form? Why We Care 15.2 Preventing Mold Investigating Life 15.1 Shining a Spotlight on Danger Chapter 16 Evolution and Diversity of Plants 16.1 Plants Have Changed the World A. Green Algae Are the Closest Relatives of Plants B. Plants Are Adapted to Life on Land 16.2 Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants 16.3 Seedless Vascular Plants Have Xylem and Phloem but No Seeds 16.4 Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants 16.5 Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits Burning Question 16.1 Do all plants live on land? Burning Question 16.2 What are biofuels? Why We Care 16.1 Gluten and Human Health Investigating Life 16.1 Genetic Messages from Ancient Ecosystems Chapter 17 Evolution and Diversity of Animals 17.1 Animals Live Nearly Everywhere A. What Is an Animal? B. Animal Life Began in the Water C. Animal Features Reflect Shared Ancestry D. Biologists Also Consider Additional Characteristics 17.2 Sponges Are Simple Animals That Lack Differentiated Tissues 17.3 Cnidarians Are Radially Symmetrical, Aquatic Animals 17.4 Flatworms Have Bilateral Symmetry and Incomplete Digestive Tracts 17.5 Mollusks Are Soft, Unsegmented Animals 17.6 Annelids Are Segmented Worms 17.7 Nematodes Are Unsegmented, Cylindrical Worms 17.8 Arthropods Have Exoskeletons and Jointed Appendages A. Arthropods Have Complex Organ Systems B. Arthropods Are the Most Diverse Animals 17.9 Echinoderm Adults Have Five-Part, Radial Symmetry 17.10 Most Chordates Are Vertebrates 17.11 Chordate Diversity Extends from Water to Land to Sky A. Tunicates and Lancelets Are Invertebrate Chordates B. Hagfishes and Lampreys Have a Cranium but Lack Jaws C. Fishes Are Aquatic Vertebrates with Jaws, Gills, and Fins D. Amphibians Live on Land and in Water E. Reptiles Were the First Vertebrates to Thrive on Dry Land F. Mammals Are Warm, Furry Milk-Drinkers 17.12 Fossils and DNA Tell the Human Evolution Story A. Humans Are Primates B. Anatomical and Molecular Evidence Documents Primate Relationships C. Human Evolution Is Partially Recorded in Fossils D. Environmental Changes Have Spurred Human Evolution E. Migration and Culture Have Changed Homo sapiens Burning Question 17.1 Are there really only nine kinds of animals? Why We Care 17.1 Your Tiny Companions Burning Question 17.2 Did humans and dinosaurs ever coexist? Investigating Life 17.1 Discovering the “Fishapod” UNIT 4 Ecology Chapter 18 Populations 18.1 Ecology Is the Study of Interactions 18.2 A Population’s Size and Density Change Over Time 18.3 Births and Deaths Help Determine Population Size 18.4 Natural Selection Influences Life Histories A. Organisms Balance Reproduction Against Other Requirements B. Opportunistic and Equilibrium Life Histories Reflect the Trade-Off Between Quantity and Quality 18.5 Population Growth May Be Exponential or Logistic A. Growth Is Exponential When Resources Are Unlimited B. Population Growth Eventually Slows C. Many Conditions Limit Population Size 18.6 The Human Population Continues to Grow A. Birth and Death Rates Vary Worldwide B. The Ecological Footprint Is an Estimate of Resource Use Burning Question 18.1 How do biologists count animals in the open ocean? Why We Care 18.1 Controlling Animal Pests Investigating Life 18.1 A Toxic Compromise Chapter 19 Communities and Ecosystems 19.1 Organisms Interact Within Communities and Ecosystems 19.2 Earth Has Diverse Climates 19.3 Biomes Are Ecosystems with Distinctive Communities of Life A. The Physical Environment Dictates Where Each Species Can Live B. Terrestrial Biomes Range from the Lush Tropics to the Frozen Poles C. Aquatic Biomes Include Fresh Water and the Oceans 19.4 Community Interactions Occur Within Each Biome A. Many Species Compete for the Same Resources B. Symbiotic Interactions Can Benefit or Harm a Species C. Herbivory and Predation Link Species in Feeding Relationships D. Closely Interacting Species May Coevolve E. A Keystone Species Has a Pivotal Role in the Community 19.5 Succession Is a Gradual Change in a Community 19.6 Ecosystems Require Continuous Energy Input A. Food Webs Depict the Transfer of Energy and Atoms B. Heat Energy Leaves Each Food Web C. Harmful Chemicals May Accumulate in the Highest Trophic Levels 19.7 Chemicals Cycle Within Ecosystems A. Water Circulates Between the Land and the Atmosphere B. Autotrophs Obtain Carbon as CO2 C. The Nitrogen Cycle Relies on Bacteria D. The Phosphorus Cycle Begins with the Weathering of Rocks E. Excess Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cause Problems in Water Burning Question 19.1 Why is there a “tree line” above which trees won’t grow? Why We Care 19.1 What Happens After You Flush Why We Care 19.2 Mercury on the Wing Burning Question 19.2 Is bottled water safer than tap water? Why We Care 19.3 The Nitrogen Cycle in Your Fish Tank Investigating Life 19.1 Winged Migrants Sidestep Parasites Chapter 20 Preserving Biodiversity 20.1 Earth’s Biodiversity Is Dwindling 20.2 Many Human Activities Destroy Habitats 20.3 Pollution Degrades Habitats A. Water Pollution Threatens Aquatic Life B. Air Pollution Causes Many Types of Damage 20.4 Global Climate Change Alters and Shifts Habitats A. Greenhouse Gases Warm Earth’s Surface B. Global Climate Change Has Severe Consequences 20.5 Exotic Invaders and Overexploitation Devastate Many Species A. Invasive Species Displace Native Organisms B. Overexploitation Can Drive Species to Extinction 20.6 Some Biodiversity May Be Recoverable A. Protecting and Restoring Habitat Saves Many Species at Once B. Some Conservation Tools Target Individual Species C. Conserving Biodiversity Involves Scientists and Ordinary Citizens Burning Question 20.1 What are the best ways to reverse habitat destruction? Burning Question 20.2 How can people reduce their contribution to water pollution? Burning Question 20.3 What does the ozone hole have to do with global climate change? Burning Question 20.4 How can small lifestyle changes reduce air pollution and global climate change? Burning Question 20.5 How can people help slow the spread of invasive species? Burning Question 20.6 Can everyday buying decisions help protect overharvested species? Why We Care 20.1 Environmental Legislation Investigating Life 20.1 Up, Up, and Away UNIT 5 Plant Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 21 Plant Form and Function 21.1 Vegetative Plant Parts Include Stems, Leaves, and Roots 21.2 Soil and Air Provide Water and Nutrients A. Plants Require 16 Essential Elements B. Leaves and Roots Absorb Essential Elements 21.3 Plant Cells Build Tissues A. Plants Have Several Cell Types B. Plant Cells Form Three Main Tissue Systems 21.4 Tissues Build Stems, Leaves, and Roots A. Stems Support Leaves B. Leaves Are the Primary Organs of Photosynthesis C. Roots Absorb Water and Minerals, and Anchor the Plant 21.5 Plants Have Flexible Growth Patterns, Thanks to Meristems A. Plants Grow by Adding New Modules B. Plant Growth Occurs at Meristems C. In Primary Growth, Apical Meristems Lengthen Stems and Roots D. In Secondary Growth, Lateral Meristems Thicken Stems and Roots 21.6 Vascular Tissue Transports Water, Minerals, and Sugar A. Water and Minerals Are Pulled Up to Leaves in Xylem B. Sugars Are Pushed to Nonphotosynthetic Cells in Phloem C. Parasitic Plants Tap into Another Plant’s Vascular Tissue Burning Question 21.1 What’s the difference between fruits and vegetables? Why We Care 21.1 Boost Plant Growth with Fertilizer Burning Question 21.2 What are controlled burns? Burning Question 21.3 Where does maple syrup come from? Investigating Life 21.1 An Army of Tiny Watchdogs Chapter 22 Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants 22.1 Angiosperms Reproduce Sexually and Asexually 22.2 The Angiosperm Life Cycle Includes Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds A. Flowers Are Reproductive Organs B. The Pollen Grain and Embryo Sac Are Gametophytes C. Pollination Brings Pollen to the Stigma D. Double Fertilization Yields Zygote and Endosperm E. A Seed Is an Embryo and Its Food Supply Inside a Seed Coat F. The Fruit Develops from the Ovary G. Fruits Protect and Disperse Seeds 22.3 Plant Growth Begins with Seed Germination 22.4 Hormones Regulate Plant Growth and Development A. Auxins and Cytokinins Are Essential for Plant Growth B. Gibberellins, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid Influence Plant Development in Many Ways 22.5 Light Is a Powerful Influence on Plant Life 22.6 Plants Respond to Gravity and Touch Burning Question 22.1 How can a fruit be seedless? Why We Care 22.1 Talking Plants Investigating Life 22.1 A Red Hot Chili Pepper Paradox UNIT 6 Animal Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 23 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems 23.1 Specialized Cells Build Animal Bodies 23.2 Animals Consist of Four Tissue Types A. Epithelial Tissue Covers Surfaces B. Most Connective Tissues Bind Other Tissues Together C. Muscle Tissue Provides Movement D. Nervous Tissue Forms a Rapid Communication Network 23.3 Organ Systems Are Interconnected A. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Coordinate Communication B. The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Support and Move the Body C. The Digestive, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems Work Together to Acquire Energy D. The Urinary, Integumentary, Immune, and Lymphatic Systems Protect the Body E. The Reproductive System Produces the Next Generation 23.4 Organ System Interactions Promote Homeostasis 23.5 Animals Regulate Body Temperature Why We Care 23.1 Two Faces of Plastic Surgery Burning Question 23.1 How does the body react to food poisoning? Burning Question 23.2 Can biologists build artificial organs? Investigating Life 23.1 Sniffing Out the Origin of Feathers Chapter 24 The Nervous System and the Senses 24.1 The Nervous System Forms a Rapid Communication Network 24.2 Neurons Are the Functional Units of a Nervous System A. A Typical Neuron Consists of a Cell Body, Dendrites, and an Axon B. The Nervous System Includes Three Classes of Neurons 24.3 Action Potentials Convey Messages A. A Neuron at Rest Has a Negative Charge B. A Neuron’s Membrane Potential Reverses During an Action Potential C. The Myelin Sheath Speeds Communication 24.4 Neurotransmitters Pass the Message from Cell to Cell 24.5 The Peripheral Nervous System Consists of Nerve Cells Outside the Central Nervous System 24.6 The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and Brain A. The Spinal Cord Transmits Information Between Body and Brain B. The Brain Is Divided into Several Regions C. Many Brain Regions Participate in Memory D. Damage to the Central Nervous System Can Be Devastating 24.7 The Senses Connect the Nervous System with the Outside World A. Sensory Receptors Respond to Stimuli by Generating Action Potentials B. Continuous Stimulation May Cause Sensory Adaptation 24.8 The General Senses Detect Touch, Temperature, and Pain 24.9 The Senses of Smell and Taste Detect Chemicals 24.10 Vision Depends on Light-Sensitive Cells 24.11 The Sense of Hearing Begins in the Ears Burning Question 24.1 Do neurons communicate at the speed of light? Why We Care 24.1 Drugs and Neurotransmitters Burning Question 24.2 Do I really use only 10% of my brain? Burning Question 24.3 Do humans have pheromones? Why We Care 24.2 Correcting Vision Burning Question 24.4 What is an ear infection? Investigating Life 24.1 Scorpion Stings Don’t Faze Grasshopper Mice Chapter 25 The Endocrine System 25.1 The Endocrine System Uses Hormones to Communicate 25.2 Hormones Stimulate Responses in Target Cells A. Water-Soluble Hormones Trigger Second Messenger Systems B. Lipid-Soluble Hormones Directly Alter Gene Expression 25.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Oversee Endocrine Control A. The Posterior Pituitary Stores and Releases Two Hormones B. The Anterior Pituitary Produces and Secretes Six Hormones 25.4 Hormones from Many Glands Regulate Metabolism A. The Thyroid Gland Sets the Metabolic Pace B. The Parathyroid Glands Control Calcium Level C. The Adrenal Glands Coordinate the Body’s Stress Responses D. The Pancreas Regulates Blood Glucose E. The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin 25.5 Hormones from the Ovaries and Testes Control Reproduction Burning Question 25.1 What are endocrine disruptors? Why We Care 25.1 Anabolic Steroids in Sports Investigating Life 25.1 Addicted to Affection Chapter 26 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems 26.1 Skeletons Take Many Forms 26.2 The Vertebrate Skeleton Features a Central Backbone 26.3 Bones Provide Support, Protect Internal Organs, and Supply Calcium A. Bones Consist Mostly of Bone Tissue and Cartilage B. Bone Meets Bone at a Joint C. Bones Are Constantly Built and Degraded D. Bones Help Regulate Calcium Homeostasis 26.4 Muscle Movement Requires Contractile Proteins and ATP A. Actin and Myosin Filaments Fill Muscle Cells B. Sliding Filaments Are the Basis of Muscle Cell Contraction C. Motor Neurons Stimulate Muscle Contraction 26.5 Muscle Cells Generate ATP in Multiple Ways 26.6 Muscle Fiber Types Influence Athletic Performance Why We Care 26.1 Bony Evidence of Murder, Illness, and Evolution Burning Question 26.1 Is creatine a useful dietary supplement? Burning Question 26.2 Why does heat soothe sore muscles and joints? Investigating Life 26.1 Did a Myosin Gene Mutation Make Humans Brainier? Chapter 27 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems 27.1 Blood Plays a Central Role in Maintaining Homeostasis A. Plasma Carries Many Dissolved Substances B. Red Blood Cells Transport Oxygen C. White Blood Cells Fight Infection D. Blood Clotting Requires Platelets and Plasma Proteins 27.2 Animal Circulatory Systems Range from Simple to Complex 27.3 Blood Circulates Through the Heart and Blood Vessels 27.4 The Human Heart Is a Muscular Pump A. The Heart Has Four Chambers B. The Right and Left Halves of the Heart Deliver Blood Along Different Paths C. Cardiac Muscle Cells Produce the Heartbeat D. Exercise Strengthens the Heart 27.5 Blood Vessels Form the Circulation Pathway A. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins Have Different Structures B. Blood Pressure and Velocity Differ Among Vessel Types 27.6 The Human Respiratory System Delivers Air to the Lungs A. The Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx Form the Upper Respiratory Tract B. The Lower Respiratory Tract Consists of the Trachea and Lungs 27.7 Breathing Requires Pressure Changes in the Lungs 27.8 Red Blood Cells Carry Most Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Burning Question 27.1 What is the difference between donating whole blood and donating plasma? Burning Question 27.2 What causes bruises? Burning Question 27.3 If some exercise is good, is more exercise better? Why We Care 27.1 Unhealthy Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Investigating Life 27.1 In (Extremely) Cold Blood Chapter 28 The Digestive and Urinary Systems 28.1 Animals Maintain Nutrient, Water, and Ion Balance 28.2 Digestive Systems Derive Energy and Raw Materials from Food 28.3 A Varied Diet Is Essential to Good Health 28.4 Body Weight Reflects Food Intake and Activity Level A. Body Mass Index Can Identify Weight Problems B. Starvation: Too Few Calories to Meet the Body’s Needs C. Obesity: More Calories Than the Body Needs 28.5 Most Animals Have a Specialized Digestive Tract A. Acquiring Nutrients Requires Several Steps B. Digestive Tracts May Be Incomplete or Complete C. Diet Influences Digestive Tract Structure 28.6 The Human Digestive System Consists of Several Organs A. Muscles Underlie the Digestive Tract B. Digestion Begins in the Mouth C. The Stomach Stores, Digests, and Churns Food D. The Small Intestine Digests and Absorbs Nutrients E. The Large Intestine Completes Nutrient and Water Absorption 28.7 Animals Eliminate Nitrogenous Wastes and Regulate Water and Ions 28.8 The Urinary System Produces, Stores, and Eliminates Urine 28.9 Nephrons Remove Wastes and Adjust the Composition of Blood A. Nephrons Interact Closely with Blood Vessels B. Urine Formation Includes Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion C. Hormones Regulate Kidney Function Burning Question 28.1 Which diets lead to the most weight loss? Burning Question 28.2 What is lactose intolerance? Why We Care 28.1 The Unhealthy Digestive System Why We Care 28.2 Urinary Incontinence Burning Question 28.3 What can urine reveal about health and diet? Why We Care 28.3 Kidney Failure, Dialysis, and Transplants Investigating Life 28.1 The Cost of a Sweet Tooth Chapter 29 The Immune System 29.1 Many Cells, Tissues, and Organs Defend the Body A. White Blood Cells Play Major Roles in the Immune System B. The Lymphatic System Produces and Transports Many Immune System Cells C. The Immune System Has Two Main Subdivisions 29.2 Innate Defenses Are Nonspecific and Act Early A. External Barriers Form the First Line of Defense B. Internal Innate Defenses Destroy Invaders 29.3 Adaptive Immunity Defends Against Specific Pathogens A. Helper T Cells Play a Central Role in Adaptive Immunity B. Cytotoxic T Cells Provide Cell-Mediated Immunity C. B Cells Direct the Humoral Immune Response D. The Secondary Immune Response Is Stronger Than the Primary Response 29.4 Vaccines Jump-Start Immunity 29.5 Several Disorders Affect the Immune System A. Autoimmune Disorders Are Devastating and Mysterious B. Immunodeficiencies Lead to Opportunistic Infections C. Allergies Misdirect the Immune Response Why We Care 29.1 Severe Burns Why We Care 29.2 Protecting a Fetus from Immune Attack Burning Question 29.1 Why do we need multiple doses of some vaccines? Burning Question 29.2 Can people be allergic to meat? Investigating Life 29.1 The Hidden Cost of Hygiene Chapter 30 Animal Reproduction and Development 30.1 Animal Development Begins with Reproduction A. Reproduction Is Asexual or Sexual B. Development Is Indirect or Direct 30.2 Males Produce Sperm Cells A. Male Reproductive Organs Are Inside and Outside the Body B. Spermatogenesis Yields Sperm Cells C. Hormones Influence Male Reproductive Function 30.3 Females Produce Egg Cells A. Female Reproductive Organs Are Inside the Body B. Oogenesis Yields Egg Cells C. Hormones Influence Female Reproductive Function D. Hormonal Fluctuations Can Cause Discomfort 30.4 Reproductive Health Considers Contraception and Disease 30.5 The Human Infant Begins Life as a Zygote A. Fertilization Initiates Pregnancy B. The Preembryonic Stage Ends When Implantation Is Complete C. Organs Take Shape During the Embryonic Stage D. Organ Systems Become Functional in the Fetal Stage E. Muscle Contractions in the Uterus Drive Childbirth