NURS 6635 EXAM FINAL WINTER

NURS 6635 EXAM FINAL WINTER NURS 6635 EXAM FINAL WINTER 2021 Exam Elaborations Questions With Answers and Explanations Provided Newly Updated Exam Review Guide Walden University_NURS6635 Exam Final Winter 2021 QUESTION 1 1. Select the diagnostic criterion for catatonia resulting from a medical condition. A Loose association . B Pressured speech . C Waxy flexibility . D Involuntary . movement Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation Catatonia is a type of schizophrenia that have symptoms usually involve lack of movement or immobility. One of the behaviors that the catatonic patient have is waxy flexibility where his or her limbs stay in the position or unable to move. He or she needs another person to reposition his or her limbs. Therefore, the answer is waxy flexibility. 1 points QUESTION 2 1. Select the negative symptom of schizophrenia. Answer: A . A Anhedonia . B Delusions . C Catatonia . D Hallucinatio . ns Step-by-Step explanation Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects a person's ability to think, behave, express feelings, interpret reality, and interact with others. Schizophrenia is the most chronic and debilitating of the main psychiatric disorders, despite its rarity. There are symptoms of Schizophrenia - negative and positive ones. We will talk about the positive symptoms first. 1.) Hallucinations - the patient can hear, smell, see and feel something that nobody does.2.) Delusion - the patient have mistaken or faulty beliefs. 3) Disorganized thoughts - patient is having a hard time to sort out or to arrange his thoughts.4) Hard to concentrate - lose focus on something or what he does. 5) Movement disorders. Walden University_NURS6635 Exam Final Winter 2021 So, we can eliminate "Delusions" (letter B) and "Hallucinations" (Letter D) as choices for negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. Now, we will talk about the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. 1.) Lack of pleasure - the patient does not have joy or being happy whatever he does. Also called anhedonia. 2.) Trouble of speech - don't show or being open on his thoughts and feelings. Also called alogia. 3.) Flattening - no emotions in talking like monotonal talk. 4.) Withdrawal - no social life or having no plans with friends. Also called apathy. 5) Struggling with the basic chores in daily life - hard to do some basic stuff or stopping taking care of themselves. 6.) No - follow through - also called avolition. So, we can say that Anhedonia (letter A) is the answer, but what is Catatonia? Catatonia is a psychomotor disorder. It involves the connection between the mental and movement function. Recently, it was thought of as a type of Schizophrenia. Thus, Catatonia is not a negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. Thus, ANHEDONIA (Letter A) is the only negative symptoms of Schizophrenia in the given choices. To support my explanation, I will attach some articles / links for references. 1 points QUESTION 3 1. Select the most defining characteristic of inevitable suicide. A Lack of family history . B Unexpected adverse drug . effect C Provider loses hope in . patient D Failure of best therapy . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The lack of hope is the inevitable cause of suicide. If the provider loses hope in the patient then there is no way for the patient to recover. Option C is correct. Walden University_NURS6635 Exam Final Winter 2021 1 points QUESTION 4 1. Select the type of neurochemical receptor that is blocked by caffeine. A GABA . B Glutamate . C Adenosine . D Norepinephri . ne Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug. The only molecular targets for caffeine at nontoxic doses are the main adenosine receptors in the brain, namely the inhibitory A1 receptors (A1R) and the facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) (9) 1 points QUESTION 5 1. Select the main cause female orgasmic disorder. A Cultural . B Genetic . C Hormonal . D Psychologi . cal Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation The right answer is Option D. Physical, Situational & Psychological factors can contribute to female orgasmic disorder such as: 1. Physical 1. Medical conditions 2. Medications 2. Situational 1. Sexual inexperience 2. Insufficient foreplay 3. Lack of understanding about how genital organs function4. Poor communication about sex 3. Psychological 1. Guilty feeling about sex2. Anxiety & depression 3. Relationship issues Walden University_NURS6635 Exam Final Winter 2021 4. Past abuse Walden University_NURS6635 Exam Final Winter 2021 1 points QUESTION 7 1. Select the disorder that is often comorbid with brief psychotic disorder. A Denial of . responsibility B Fixed delusions . C Suspicious of . coworkers D Hostility and . irritability Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation CSuspicious of coworkers Suspicious of coworkers is a symptom of paranoid personality disorder it displays unusual behavior towards others. Usually associated with trust issues and unstable self confidence. They tend to admit with negative feelings towards others and uncomfortable having in a group. The symptoms of paranoid personality disorder may appear in childhood or adolescence. People who suffer prefer isolation, have weak peer relationships, social anxiety, academic underachievement, hypersensitivity, idiosyncratic fantasies, and odd thoughts and language. These teenagers can seem "weird" or "eccentric," making them easy targets for bullying. A Generalized . anxiety B Bipolar I . C Depressive . D Personality . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation It is because a genetic link, who have mood disorder. 1 points QUESTION 6 1. Select the symptom not present in paranoid personality disorder. FINAL 1 points QUESTION 9 1. Select the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia in the United States. 1 points QUESTION 8 1. Select the age before which a majority of paraphilic disorders occurs. A 2 . 2 B 1 . 8 C 2 . 5 D 5 . 0 Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Paraphilias occurs primarily in males with an average onset between age 8 and 12. Hence option (B) is the correct option A 0.1- . 1.0% B 1-5% . C 5-10% . D 0.08% . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation The estimated number of people having schizophrenia in the US is 2.5 million. The total population of US is 328 million. Therefore, (2.5 million/328 million) x 100 = 0.76% So, the answer is letter A. 0.1-1.0% QUESTION 10 1. Select the age range of the highest rate of substance dependence or abuse. A 12-17 . B 18-25 . C 26-40 1 points FINAL disorder in 2017, or 6.4% of this age group. 1 1 points . D 65 and . older Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Statistics on Specific Population Demographics and Addiction Adolescents (aged 12-17):  In 2017, approximately 4% of the American adolescent population age 12 to 17 suffered from a substance use disorder; this equals 992,000 teens or 1 in 25 people in  About 443,000 adolescents age 12 to 17 had an alcohol use disorder in 2017, or 1.8%  An estimated 741,000 adolescents suffered from an illicit drug use disorder in 2017, or Young adults aged 18-25:  About 5.1 million young adults age 18 to 25 battled a substance use disorder in 2017,  About 3.4 million young adults age 18 to 25 had an alcohol use disorder in 2017, or  About 2.5 million young adults had an illicit drug use disorder in 2017, or about 7.3% of  Heroin use among young adults between 18 and 25 years old doubled in the past Over age 26:  Approximately 13.6 million adults age 26 or older struggled with a substance use  About 10.6 million adults age 26 and older had an alcohol use disorder in 2017, or  About 4.3 million adults age 26 or older had an illicit drug use disorder in 2017, or 2% Elderly individuals:  More than 1 million elderly adults age 65 or older had a substance use disorder in  That same year, about 978,000 of people in this age group had an alcohol use disorder  Two-thirds of the senior citizens over the age of 65 who struggle with alcohol use  Between 21% and 66% of elderly individuals battling a substance use disorder also QUESTION 11 1. Select the characteristic that is greater in childhood than adult onset schizophrenia. A Delusions . suffer from a co-occurring mental health disorder. 6 2017. 7 which equates to 14.8% of this population and about 1 in 7 people. 1 disorders developed the disorder before age 65. 6 and about 93,000 had an illicit drug use disorder. 7 of this age group. 1 about 5% of this age group. 1 decade. 4 this population. 1 about 10% of young adults. 1 about 3% of this population. 1 of adolescents. 1 this age group. 1 FINAL Alternately moody and irritable, then sullen and withdrawn. Withhold emotions. Deliberately inefficient. Vent anger indirectly by undermining others' goals. Resentful, contrary, skeptical, discontented. Resist fulfilling others' expectations. 1 points B Social withdrawal . C Hallucinations . D Disorganized . speech QUESTION 12 1. Select the personality disorder in which patients are most likely to tolerate spousalabuse to avoid losing sense of attachment. A Dependent . B Narcissistic . C Passive- . aggressive D Depressive . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is letter A. NarcissisticEgotistical, arrogant, grandiose, insouciant. Preoccupied with fantasies of success, beauty, or achievement. See themselves as admirable and superior, and therefore entitled to special treatment. Is a mental disorder in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance and a deep need for admiration. Those with narcissistic personality disorder believe that they're superior to others and have little regard for other people's feelings. DependentHelpless, incompetent, submissive, immature. Withdrawn from adult responsibilities. See themselves as weak or fragile. Seek constant reassurance from stronger figures. They have the need to be taken care of by a person. They fear being abandoned or separated from important people in their life. DepressiveSomber, discouraged, pessimistic, brooding, fatalistic. Present themselves as vulnerable and abandoned. Feel valueless, guilty, and impotent. Judge themselves as worthy only of criticism and contempt. Hopeless, suicidal, restless. This disorder can lead to aggressive acts and hallucinations. Passiveaggressive (Negativistic) Will not communicate when there is something problematic to discuss. FINAL 1 points A Obsessive- . compulsive B Sadomasochistic . C Borderline . D Passive-aggressive . Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation The answer is D. Passive-aggressive According to Blais, M.A. et al, 2008, obstructionism and procrastination, is a major feature of passive-aggressive personality disorder. This features are shown as passive resistance to authority for any request of good performance. Also persons with this personality disorder shows pervasive negative attitude (pessimism) toward the world. Reference: QUESTION 14 1. Select the drug of choice to treat psychosis in delirious patients. A Chlorpromazi . ne B Alprazolam . C Clozapine . D Haloperidol . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine used for the treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, manic phase of bipolar disorder, severe behavioral problems in children. It enables delirious patients to think more clearly, feel less nervous, and take part in everyday life. It can reduce aggressive behavior and the desire to hurt others or even the patients themselves. It helps in the management of aggressive behavior in a patient as well as reduces hallucinations. It works by helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. 1 points QUESTION 13 1. Select the personality disorder in which patients exhibit covert obstructionism,procrastination and pessimism. FINAL 1 points 1 points Reference. QUESTION 15 1. Select the substance of abuse with the strongest evidence for genetic association. A Heroin . B Marijuan . a C Alcohol . D Cocaine . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation Alcohol QUESTION 16 1. Select the type of hallucinations most common in schizophrenia. A Tactile . B Visual . C Auditor . y D Olfacto . ry Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation Answer: Auditory Hallucinations are characterized as non-comprehensible perceptions and feelings to others. However, to the person witnessing them, they can seem actual, immediate, and vibrant.. Auditory hallucinations are the most frequent in schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia are more likely to have auditory disturbances, which involve hearing voices—sometimes several voices—or other sounds such as whispering or murmuring. Voices may appear furious or urgent, and they often make demands on the hallucinating person. Reference FINAL 1 points QUESTION 17 1. Select the neurotransmitter system that is most associated with the addictiverewarding properties of opioids. 1 points Birnbaum, R., & Weinberger, D. R. (2017). Genetic insights into the neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(12), 727-740. McCutcheon, R. A., Marques, T. R., & Howes, O. D. (2020). Schizophrenia—an overview. JAMA psychiatry, 77(2), 201-210. A Dopaminer . gic B Serotonergi . c C Adrenergic . D Glutamater . gic QUESTION 18 Select the preferred drug used to treat alcohol withdrawal. A Fluoxetin . e B Propranol . ol C Lorazepa . m D Phenytoin . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is (C) Lorazepam In general hospital settings, alcohol dependence is a normal occurrence. It makes up a large portion of the referrals that a consultation-liaison psychiatrist receives. Medication over 80 are used to treat or control withdrawal symptoms of alcohol. Treatment of withdrawal can be done with delirium DT with it aim being to achieve a peaceful, but awake state or light somnolence, which is characterized as a sleep from which the patient can be easily awakened. This is ideally accomplished by administering intravenous diazepam at regular intervals while carefully watching the patient during the process. Patients with FINAL 1 points 1 points hepatic disease, pulmonary disease, or the elderly who are at risk of over-sedation and respiratory depression from diazepam may benefit from intravenous or intramuscular lorazepam. Reference Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: A systematic review. (2018). PubMed Central (PMC). QUESTION 19 1. Select the neurotransmitter that is most associated with the occurrence of ADHD. A Serotonin . B Dopamine . C Acetylcholi . ne D Glutamate . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation  At one time, scientists thought that low levels of a neurotransmitter named dopamine caused ADHD. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter implicated in many psychiatric problems. Among other things, dopamine impacts movement, mood, motivation, and attention.  These chemicals are called neurotransmitters. Dopamine and norepinephrine aretwo neurotransmitters that may play a role in ADHD. QUESTION 20 1. Select the most frequently abused illicit drug. A Marijuana . B Heroin . C Cocaine . D Phencyclidi . ne Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Marijuana is the most frequent used illicit drug across the globe. This is supported by the different stands on legalization of the same. According to stats, in 2018 at least 53.2 million people had used marijuana that year. This indicates how it is easily abused. FINAL 1 points QUESTION 22 1. Select the drug that is most safe and effective in treating mild to moderate memoryloss in early Alzheimer’s disease. 1 points QUESTION 21 1. Select the percentage of substance-addicted persons with a concurrent psychiatricdisorder. A 6 . 0 B 5 . 0 C 4 . 0 D 2 . 0 Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation 50 per cent of people diagnosed with a substance use disorder (other than alcohol) will also have a mental health disorder at some point in their lives. This is close to four times the rate found in people who do not have a lifetime history of a substance use disorder. Answer: D . A Donepezil . B Risperido . ne C Benztropi . ne D Tacrine . Step-by-Step explanation Tacrine is the first drug to be approved for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. It is thought to increase concentrations of acetylcholine, one of the key neurotransmitters in Alzheimer's disease. QUESTION 23 1. Select the usual time delay to the onset of tardive dyskinesia symptoms afterinitiating antipsychotic drug therapy. A 7-10 . days 1 points FINAL 1 points QUESTION 25 1. Select the psychiatric disorder for which the term neuroleptic is used to describe drugeffects. A Bipolar I . 1. Select two comorbid factors common in schizophrenic patients. A Substance abuse B 6 weeks . C 3 . months D 6 . months Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Error in choices. The correct answer is choice (C) 3 months. Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic drugs that causes involuntary movement of muscles of the face. The drugs work by inhibiting dopamine secretion, which mediates the brain's action to control muscle. it is normally associated with very high doses, or when the drugs are taken for longer periods of time. 1 points QUESTION 24 . B Residing in a low population . density C Lack of seasonal influenza . vaccination D Undiagnosed medical illness . Answer: A . and D . Step-by-Step explanation Answers are letter A and D. Psychiatric Comorbidity happens side to side with schizophrenia, it aids the disease to be even more difficult. A factor are undiagnosed medical illnesses, people who suffer from this tends to be more vulnerable to medical illnesses and the fact that it was not yet discovered, they are commonly associated and at higher risks with chronic medical disorders. Another factor is substance abuse, this comorbidity dominates those who suffer with schizophrenia. During the course of the disease, those who suffer from it might probably look for alternative options to cope with it, resulting to substance abuse that could result to their condition, getting worse. B Schizophrenia . FINAL 1 points 1 points QUESTION 27 1. Select the most common paraphilic disorder. C Generalized . anxiety D Depression . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders. QUESTION 26 1. Select the two characteristics that describe normal sexual behavior. A Varies from era to era . B Reflects cultural mores . C Remains consistent from era . to era D Is compulsive . Answer: B . and C . Step-by-Step explanation Characteristics of normal sexual behavior include that the behavior is spontaneous or intermittent light hearted and playful,occurs between children of similar age ,size and ability who may be the same and opposite genders and typically decreased with caregiver guidance and supervision A Voyeuris . m B Zoophilia . C Pedophili . a D Fetishis . m Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation FINAL 1 points 1 points 1 points QUESTION 30 1. Select the rating scale used to assess medication-induced movement disorders. A paraphilic disorder is an act, fantasy or desire that includes inanimate objects, children o nonconsenting adults in order to satisfy desire. It is different than paraphilia. In this case Pedophilia is the most common paraphillic disorder which involves sexual affection for children. QUESTION 28 1. Select the brain region devoid of cannabinoid receptors. A Brain stem . B Basal . ganglia C Cerebellum . D Hippocamp . us QUESTION 29 1. Select the most common error by the provider in the practice of family-orientedtherapy for persons with schizophrenia. A Reducing drug dosage to eliminate adverse effects too quickly . B Encouraging family to promote patients to resume normal activity too quickly . C Controlling emotional intensity of family sessions with patients with . schizophrenia D Open discussion by practitioner with family about the patient’s frightening . psychotic symptoms Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Its necessary for a family member of schizophrenia, to support him, to sympathise him. So promoting daily activity TOO QUICKLY by the care provider will be a mistake. As the patient wants someone to hear and feel what they goes through. So instead of promoting their daily activities quickly they should focus on their mental health as its a slow procedure treating them with this. A CAG FINAL 1 points 1 points QUESTION 32 1. Select the time of treatment of schizophrenic patients with correct antipsychotic drug therapy that represents an adequate medication trial. . E B MMS . E C AIMS . D BPRS . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is used to assess medication-induced movement disorders such as dyskinesia. Dyskinesia is an uncontrolled involuntary movement expressed in the arms, legs or head, and trunk, which includes items such as facial behaviors (jaw, facial muscles, tongue, and lips), full-body behaviors (upper, lower, and trunk), and general severity of involuntary movements and incapacitation due to these movements. Reference: QUESTION 31 1. Select the theorist who first studied social and cultural influences on suicide. A Freud . B Durkhei . m C Menning . er D Beck . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation I think Durkheim was the first theorist who studied social and cultural influences on suicide. He plotted social regulation on x-axis and social integration in y-axis. This way he started his study. Durkheim's study demonstrates that what is thought to be a highly individual act is actually socially patterned and has social, not only psychological, causes. . So, the correct answer is B. Durkheim FINAL 1 points 1 points A 2 to 4 weeks . B 4 to 6 weeks . C 3 to 6 . months D 6 to 12 . months Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Antipsychotic medications can help calm and clear up confusion in a person with acute psychosis (specifically schizophrenia), in a matter of hours or days, but can take up to four to six weeks to reach their full effect. Therefore, the correct answer is Option B. 4 to 6 weeks QUESTION 33 1. Select the two behaviors of schizophrenic patients that occur more frequently than inthe general population. A Homicid . e B Violence . C Suicide . D Pyroman . ia Answer: A . and C . Step-by-Step explanation People diagnose with schizophrenia are 2-3 times more likely to die prematurely than the rest of the general population. About 4.9% of people with schizophrenia die by suicide, this rate is far greater than the general population. Another behavior is homicide, the risk of homicide to individuals with schizophrenia is 0.3% which is greater compared to 0.02% of the general population. QUESTION 34 1. Select the neurotransmitter that increases sexual desire. A Norepinephri . ne FINAL 1 points B Dopamine . C GABA . D Serotonin . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Upon reading the context, it shows that we are asked to determine in which of the following options was the neurotransmitters that increases the sexual desire. Answer: Dopamine From our general knowledge in Biology, Dopamine is a neurotransmitter made in the brain that can increase sexual desire. It acts as a chemical messenger between neurons and releases when your brain is expecting a reward. This plays a vital role in how we feel pleasure. It's a big part of our uniquely human ability to think and plan. It helps us strive, focus, and find things interesting. Basically, our body spreads it along four major pathways in the brain. Like most other systems in the body, we don't notice it until there's a problem. Too much or too little of it can lead to a vast range of health issues. It is involved in neurological and physiological functioning that contributes to the factor in motor function, mood, and even our decision making. It's also associated with some movement and psychiatric disorders. QUESTION 35 Select the two Freudian stages of psychosexual development. A Olfacto . ry B Oral . C Tactile . D Genital . Answer: B . and D . Step-by-Step explanation In Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development, it consists of 5 stages where a child goes through a series of psychosexual stages that leads to the development of the adult personality Freud's 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development (1) The Oral Stage FINAL 1 points QUESTION 37 1. Select the substance that is most commonly abused by adolescents. A Cocaine (2) The Anal Stage (3) The Phallic Stage (4) The Latent Period (5) The Genital Stage QUESTION 36 1. Select the most frequent cause of intellectual disability in U.S. children. A Lead poisoning . B Fetal alcohol . syndrome C Dietary protein . deficiency D Maternal marijuana . use Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Fetal alcohol sysndrome is the most frequent cause of intellectual disability in US children. It isis are result of child's exposure to alcoholic drinks during the mother's period of pregnancy. It cause several defects on various part of child's brain which results to poor brain communication. Answer: D . . B Marijuana . C Methamphetam . ine D Alcohol . Step-by-Step explanation The most commonly abused substance by adolescents is alcohol Answer: D. alcohol 1 points FINAL 1 points option b is correct. 1 points References: QUESTION 38 1. Select the percent blood alcohol level at which voluntary motor activity becomesimpaired. A 0. . 4 B 0. . 3 C 0. . 2 D 0. . 1 Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The alcohol level of 0.3 % and higher results in complete loss of consciousness and it can affect voluntary motor activity. QUESTION 39 1. Select the disorder in which the highest percentage of patients commit suicide. A Schizophrenia . B Anxiety . C Alcohol . dependence D Mood . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Risk of suicide mortality was highest among those with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. There are suggestions in several research studies that suicide is much more likely to occur in those individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who are not being FINAL 1 points adequately treated or not being treated at all. Schizophrenic patients are at a significantly high risk for suicide. They may experience hallucinations, often auditory, such as voices commanding them to kill themselves (command hallucinations). In addition, these individuals may, in the context and as a result of their illness, become depressed; they realize that they are different from others. Persons with schizophrenia may also have moments of insight during which they realize that they may not achieve some life goals that others can accomplish. Individuals who are considered highly functional seem to be at high risk for suicide, perhaps because of their ability to appreciate how they are different from others and how their life is different from what they wish it to be. QUESTION 40 1. Select the psychiatric disorder in which patients refuse mental health care and denytheir problems. A Obsessive- . compulsive B Depressive . C Personality . D Anxiety . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation A personality disorder is a form of mental illness in which you have a fixed and dysfunctionalway of thinking, acting, and behaving. An individual who suffers from a personality disorder has difficulty perceiving and relating to circumstances and individuals. Relationships, social events, education, and school are all affected. You may be unaware that you have a personality disorder because your way of thinking and acting seems normal to you. You can also place blame on others for your difficulties. -This is the main reason why people with personality disorders refuse mental health care because they believe that they are normal and they even blame others for their problems. A personality disorder is grouped into three clusters. These are Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid personality disorder, and Schizotypal personality disorder. Paranoid Personality Disorder  Fear of someone using the knowledge against you, causing you to be unable to share it with others. (Denying the problems)  Do not trust others because of fear.  Fear of someone using the knowledge against you, causing you to be unable to share it with others. The disorder referred to in the question mostly referred to the Paranoid Personality Disorder, wherein the patient denies about their problems and refuses mental healthcare because of mistrust and fear. FINAL 1 points QUESTION 41 1. Select the two patient populations in which delirium occurs most frequently. A General . surgical B Terminally ill . C Long-term . care D Critical care . Answer: B . and C . Step-by-Step explanation Delirium can be triggered by a serious medical illness such as an infection, certain medications, and other causes, such as drug withdrawal or intoxication. Older patients, over 65 years, are at highest risk for developing delirium. People with previous brain disease or brain damage are also at risk. Overall, the most common causes of delirium are the following: Drugs, particularly drugs with anticholinergic effects, psychoactive drugs, and opioids. Dehydration. Infections, such as pneumonia, a bloodstream infection (sepsis), infections that affect the whole body or cause a fever, and urinary tract infections. QUESTION 42 1. Select the procedure most applicable to confirming a diagnosis of delirium. A MR . I B CT . C EE . G D PE . T Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is C. EEG Diagnosis A doctor can diagnose delirium on the basis of medical history, tests to assess mental status and the identification of possible contributing factors. An examination may include: 1 points FINAL 1 points  Mental status assessment. A doctor starts by assessing awareness, attention and thinking. This may be done informally through conversation, or with tests or screeningsthat assess mental state, confusion, perception and memory. Additional information from family members or caregivers can be helpful.  Physical and neurological exams. The doctor performs a physical exam, checking for signs of health problems or underlying disease. A neurological exam — checking vision, balance, coordination and reflexes — can help determine if a stroke or another neurological disease is causing the delirium.  Other tests. The doctor may order blood, urine and other diagnostic tests. Brain-imaging tests may be used when a diagnosis can't be made with other available information. Electroencephalography (EEG) is highly useful in detecting delirium. The EEG can be of some diagnostic value in delirium. Generalized slowing and disorganization are the usual abnormalities. These changes are seen whether or not the delirium is of the hypo- or hyperactive type. In EEG characteristics of delirium include slowing or dropout of the posteriordominant rhythm, generalized theta or delta slow-wave activity, poor organization of the background rhythm, and loss of reactivity of the EEG to eye-opening and closing. Fast activity may be found in those withdrawing from drugs. The EEG is also useful to exclude seizure activity. Imaging with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans may rarely show a focal and causative abnormality. Subdural collections may also be unexpectedly discovered in patients with no recollection of injury. The cerebrospinal fluid examination may be needed when central nervous system infection, or subarachnoid or malignant meningitis, are considered. EEG signals characteristic of delirium are called 'diffuse slow wave'. The term 'diffuse' indicates that across all 20 leads, the brain wave signals are almost the same, showing low frequency ('slowing'). In fact, slow EEG brainwave signals have been known to be associated with delirium since the 1940s.19 This fact allows for great simplification in lead placement on the subject's head. Placing only two channels (i.e., bispectral EEG [BSEEG]) on the head will allow for even non-experts to apply the device. This meets a critical need in that specialized neurologists and technicians are not required to perform BSEEG, and it permits mass screening to occur. QUESTION 43 1. Select the subtype of schizophrenia in which auditory hallucinations are frequent. A Catatonic . B Paranoid . C Disorganiz . ed D Residual . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation FINAL 1 points QUESTION 45 1. Select the two drugs used to treat alcohol dependence. A Naltrexo Result B Paranoid It is the most common type of schizophrenia in most of the world, characterized by the presence of auditory hallucinations (hallucinatory voices that scold the sick by giving him orders) and delusions. Fundamentally, delusional ideas are of persecution, prejudice or both, but delusional ideas can also be presented with another theme, although they are usually organized around a coherent theme. 1 points QUESTION 44 1. Select the two defense mechanisms used commonly by patients with personalitydisorders. A Introjectio . n B Repressio . n C Splitting . D Projection . Answer: C . and D . Step-by-Step explanation People who suffer from personality disorder has an unhealthy way of thinking, they cannot simply understand and relate to the people and the current situation around them. The two common defense mechanisms for patient who suffer from this could be explained. Splitting happens when a person fails to differentiate the positive and negative traits of a person or the situation itself, resulting for them to act unlikely and have the notation of "there is no in between", they may see it as either good or bad, there is no in between for them. Another defense mechanism is projection. In projection, they tend to pass the burden or the fault to other people but not to their selves. In that way, they easily find the other person more faulty or lesser than them. These are common defense mechanisms that people with personality disorder suffer and broad understanding for them would be appreciated. . ne B Clonidine . C Lorazepa . m D Disulfira FINAL 1 points . m QUESTION 46 1. Select two criteria to diagnose gender dysphoria in children. A Play preferred with same gender . children B Urinating in body position of desired . gender C Play preferred with opposite gender . children D Dressing in clothing of assigned . gender Answer: B . and C . Step-by-Step explanation Gender dysphoria in simplest words, is the strong desire experienced (in this case, by children) that insists themselves to be the other gender different from what is naturally assigned by birth (sex: female or male). It lies in their gender identity or their psychological interpretation of their gender. In childhood, this may be seen when the child expresses dismay or distress because of the DISCREPANCY that they feel towards their "assigned gender" and "desired gender". So in response to this, they prefer to do, have or follow the things that the opposite gender usually does. Some people undergo psychotherapy in a form of dialectical behavior therapy to be able to develop beneficial coping skills, validation of emotions and eliminate cases of self-harm due toenormous distress. Answer: B . A 1-2 . days B 3-4 . days C 4-7 . days D 5-9 . Step-by-Step explanation 1 points QUESTION 47 1. Select the time of onset for tolerance to develop from continuous use ofhallucinogens such as LSD. FINAL 1 points 1 points Hi. I hope you are doing great. The answer to the question ranges from 3-4 days. Tolerance develops fast to the effects of LSD. After the third or fourth consecutive days of taking LSD, no amount of the drug can produce the desired effects. In addition, after a short period of abstinence (about 3-4 days) normal tolerance reoccurs. QUESTION 48 1. Select the youngest age by which early-onset schizophrenia occurs. A 1 . 0 B 1 . 3 C 1 . 5 D 1 . 8 Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is B. 13 Schizophrenia is a mental illness in which an individual has abnormal perceptions of reality and which affects approximately 1% of the world's population. This condition may lead to hallucinations and delusions. It is a rare case for children to be diagnosed with Schizophrenia.The onset of Schizophrenia occurs in the 20s but the condition may have very early-onset at the age of 13 years and early onset might be the age before 18 years. Reference The realities of childhood schizophrenia. (2020, July 21). Psychiatric Times. QUESTION 49 1. Select the category of symptoms that is most commonly comorbid with cognitivedisorders. A Behavior . al B Emotion . al C Medical . D Physical . Answer: A . FINAL 1 points 1 points QUESTION 51 1. Select the percentage of the U.S. population with a substance dependence problemas of year 2012. 1 points QUESTION 52 1. Select the disorder in which is characterized by lack breast development. Step-by-Step explanation The answer is A. Behavioral. Most cognitive disorders are associated with the impairment judgement, thus affects the behavior of a certain patient. QUESTION 50 1. Select the most reliable method to make a diagnosis of schizophrenia. A Mental status exam . B Intermittent . hallucinations C Impaired abstract . thinking D Patient history . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation A mental status exam help in diagnosis of schizophrenia. A 25 . % B 20 . % C 10 . % D 5% . A Klinefelter’s . syndrome B 5-α-reductase . deficiency FINAL 1 points 1 points Answer: C . C Turner’s syndrome . D Transvestic disorder . Step-by-Step explanation Turner's syndrome affects only women and causes development disorders. So, the lack of breast development can be attributed to Turner's syndrome. QUESTION 53 1. Select two terms preferred to describe sexual orientation. A Gay . B Heterosex . ual C Homosexu . al D Lesbian . Answer: B . and C . Step-by-Step explanation B) Heterosexual: is the person who is totally clear and according to their sex, only has an attraction for people of the opposite sex. C) Homosexual: is that person who is attracted to people of the same sex. These terms are used since they are the best known and they accurately define each situation. Today there are many terms and many (crazy) trends, but every time you use a new terminology instead of clarifying the situation, what happens is that attention is distracted from the central issue. QUESTION 54 1. Select the characteristic of masturbation. A Can predispose to mental . illness B Decreases sexual potency . C Is most universally . practiced D Is a sin against religious . doctrine FINAL 1 points 1 points 1 points QUESTION 57 1. Select the drug that is most likely to cause parkinsonian movement symptoms. Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Answer is A. Based on scientific studies, masturbation is natural activity many people do when they explore their bodies to find pleasure. However, this sexual activity may cause mental health issues to individuals which may result to feelings of guilt, anxiety and other mood disorders. This can be a cause for health problems as well as a sinful and shameful act.Therefore, this can predispose to mental illness. QUESTION 55 1. Select the medical condition that occurs less frequently in schizophrenic patientsthan in the general population. A Diabetes mellitus . B Obesity . C Cardiovascular . disease D Rheumatoid . arthritis QUESTION 56 1. Select the factor that best correlates with attempted and completed suicide. A Mental illness . B Socioeconomic . status C Religion . D Age . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Mental disorders exist frequently throughout the world. Some are shown, some are not. Some mental illnesses include depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and many more. Likewise, an individual who has mental illness may think less of himself that progresses to thinking that there is no meaning in life. Hence, a greater risk in attempting or committing suicide happens. Hope this helps you student. FINAL 1 points 1 points A Lorazepa . m B Propranol . ol C Benztropi . ne D Haloperid . ol Answer: D Step-by-Step explanationD) Haloperidol It was soon recognized that all typical antipsychotics had the potential to cause EPS, including parkinsonism, acute dystonia, akathisia, and TD. Typical antipsychotics include chlorpromazine, promazine, haloperidol, perphenazine, fluphenazine, and pimozide. Source: Hae-Won Shin and Sun Ju Chung (2012) Drug-Induced Parkinsonism QUESTION 58 1. Select the personality disorder in which patients are continually in crisis and exhibitunpredictable behavior. A Antisocia . l B Paranoid . C Borderlin . e D Histrioni . c QUESTION 59 1. Select the main goal of psychosocial therapies for persons with schizophrenia. A Reduce frequency of auditory hallucinations . B Develop coping skills for adverse effects of . antipsychotic drugs C Develop skills for independent living . FINAL 1 points Answer: C . D Reduce exacerbations and re-hospitalizations . Step-by-Step explanation Defining 'Psychosocial' - relating to the interrelation of social factors and individual thought and behavior. In these treatments, the patient is in stabilization phase already, goals of this therapies can befound in below's link. Source: Answer: C . A Parkinson’s . disease B Alcohol abuse . C Alzheimer’s . disease D Subdural . hematoma Step-by-Step explanation Answer: C. Alzheimer's disease. Explanation: Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of a progressive dementia in Elderly persons. QUESTION 61 1. Select the development time of symptoms in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. A 12-24 . hours B 24-72 . hours C 4-7 days . D 10-14 . days Answer: B . 1 points QUESTION 60 1. Select the most common cause of dementia in elderly persons. FINAL 1 points Step-by-Step explanation Rationale: The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare severe medical disorder usually caused by an adverse reaction to medications with dopamine receptor-antagonist properties (Berman B.D., 2011). The symptoms (es in mental status, muscular rigidity, autonomic instability, and hyperthermia) gradually developed over a period of 24 to 72 hours. REFERENCE:  The Internet Book of Critical Care is an online textbook written by Josh Farkas (@PulmCrit)  Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry  Berman B. D. (2011). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review for neurohospitalists. The Neurohospitalist, 1(1), 41-47. QUESTION 62 1. Select the brain region that shows the greatest anatomical abnormalities inschizophrenic patients. A Hippocampus . B Amygdala . C Prefrontal . cortex D Basal ganglia . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation One of the brain regions most consistently implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical is thought to be an underlying substrate for thought disorder in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia perform poorly on an array of tasks that depend on prefrontal cortical function, for example, Continuous Performance (attention), Stroop (cognitive inhibition), Wisconsin Card Sort (cognitive flexibility), Delayed Response (working memory) and N-Back (working memory) tasks. 1 points QUESTION 63 1. Select the mental function that is most affected in mild cognitive impairment. A General cognition . B Activities of daily . living C Geographic FINAL . orientation D Recent memory . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Individuals with MCI are fully good at self; they have a mild deficiency in functional activities ofdaily life (IADL), whereas people with dementia need support or at the very least monitoring for the simple activities of daily living (BADL) While cognitive assessments are regularly performed and helpful for predicting MCI and dementia in clinical environments, caregivers can more readily observe behaviors representing everyday living tasks in real-life situations. They not only offer insight on everyday life functions, but they also discuss engagement barriers in order to better intervene. Reference Mcalister, C., Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., & Lamb, R. (2016). Examination of variables that may affect the relationship between cognition and functional status in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(2), 123-147. Whitehair, D. C., Sherzai, A., Emond, J., Raman, R., Aisen, P. S., Petersen, R. C., & Fleisher, A. S. (2010). Influence of apolipoprotein E ɛ4 on rates of cognitive and functional decline inmild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 6(5), 412-419. 1 points QUESTION 64 1. Select the time frame for symptoms of schizophreniform disorder. Answer: B . A 2 to 6 . weeks B 1 to 5 . months C 6 to 8 . months D 1 year . Step-by-Step explanation The answer is B 1 to 5 months Symptoms of schizophreniform disorder such as prodromal, active and residual phases must last at least 1 month but not longer than 6 months, while symptoms of schizophrenia must last at least 6 months. References Lentz, C. (2017). Psychotic Disorders in Emergency. Big Book of Emergency Department Psychiatry: A Guide to Patient Centered Operational Improvement. Kamal, S., El-Gabalawy, O., Zhao, N., & MacLeod, J. (2020). Depiction of Mental Illness in Film and Association with Financial and Critical Success. medRxiv. FINAL 1 points QUESTION 65 1. Select the personality disorder in which patients are preoccupied with perfectionismand interpersonal control. A Passive-aggressive . B Obsessive- . compulsive C Narcissistic . D Avoidance . 1 points QUESTION 66 1. Select the factor associated with a four- to five-fold greater occurrence of gender dysphoria in male than in female children. A Social stigma against male . feminism B Deficiency of androgenic . hormones C Social acceptance of female . masculinity D Excess of estrogenic hormones . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is B Deficiency of androgenic hormones. Dysphoria in male is mostly due to additional hormones in the mother's system or by the foetus's insensitivity to the hormones, known as androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Through this, gender dysphoria may be caused by hormones which fail to work properly withinthe womb. Androgens are crucial for male sexual and reproductive function. since they are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in men which include; Facial and body hair growth and voice change. Androgens also affect bone, muscle development and metabolism. If a male has insufficient testosterone, the symptoms may include erectile dysfunction, and reduced bone mass and sex drive. The hormone is importantin the development of the bones and muscles, deepening of the voice, hair growth, and other physical factors related to appearance. Reference Better Health Channel. (2018). Androgen deficiency in men. FINAL 1 points Answer: A . A 11 to . 14 B 7 to . 10 C 6 to 8 . D 3 to 4 . Step-by-Step explanation As adolescence is an important time for identity as well as psychosexual development in young people with gender identity concerns. The outcomes of GDC have been discussed in terms of its persistence and desistence. Hence, for most children with GDC, whether GD will persist or either desist will probably be determined between the ages of 10 and 13 years, although some might need more time. The 10 available prospective follow-up studies from childhood to adolescence (reviewed in the study by Ristori and Steensma28) show that GD recedes with puberty in 80% of children who meet the criteria for GDC. Instead, many of theseteenagers would declare themselves non-heterosexual. References Kaltiala-Heino, R., Bergman, H., Työläjärvi, M., & Frisén, L. (2018). Gender dysphoria in adolescence: current perspectives. Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics, 9, 31. QUESTION 68 1. Select the drug used to treat age-related sexual dysfunction. A sildenafil . B fluoxetine . C oxandrolo . ne D lorazepam . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Erectile dysfunction is often treated with oral drugs as the first line of defense. These drugs work well and have few side effects for most men who have difficulty maintaining an erection hard enough for sex (erectile dysfunction). 1 points QUESTION 67 1. Select the age range at which most children with gender dysphoria begin to showincreased anxiety over anticipated changes to their bodies. FINAL 1 points Sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn), tadalafil (Cialis), and avanafil (Stendra) are oral drugs that improve the effects of nitric oxide, a naturally occurring chemical in your body that relaxes the muscles in your penis. This helps you to get an erection in response to sexualstimulation by increasing blood flow. Reference Padma-Nathan, H., & Giuliano, F. (2001). Oral drug therapy for erectile dysfunction. Urologic Clinics of North America, 28(2), 321-334. Goldstein, I., Burnett, A. L., Rosen, R. C., Park, P. W., & Stecher, V. J. (2019). The serendipitous story of sildenafil: an unexpected oral therapy for erectile dysfunction. Sexual medicine reviews, 7(1), 115-128. QUESTION 69 1. Select the characteristic of sexually abused children. A More common in females . B Denial of abuse episodes . C Sexual knowledge beyond their . age D Non-recognition of abusive . behaviors Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation Here are some signs that a child may have been sexually abused: Physical signs:  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)  Signs of trauma to the genital area, such as unexplained bleeding, bruising, or blood on the sheets, underwear, or other clothing Behavioral signs:  Excessive talk about or knowledge of sexual topics  Keeping secrets. Not talking as much as usual  Not wanting to be left alone with certain people or being afraid to be away from primary caregivers, especially if this is a new behavior  Regressive behaviors or resuming behaviors they had grown out of, such as thumb-sucking or bedwetting  Overly compliant behavior  Sexual behavior that is inappropriate for the child's age  Spending an unusual amount of time alone  Trying to avoid removing clothing to change or bathe Emotional signs:  Change in eating habits  Change in mood or personality, such as increased aggression  Decrease in confidence or self-image  Excessive worry or fearfulness  Increase in unexplained health problems such as stomach aches and headaches FINAL 1 points 1 points  Loss or decrease in interest in school, activities, and friends  Nightmares or fear of being alone at night  Self-harming behaviors A child who excessively talks about or has an unusual knowledge of sexual topics, who showssexual behavior that is inappropriate for his/her age may have been sexually abused. Hope this helps. Please see attached link for your reference. Source: QUESTION 70 1. Select the rare adverse effect of SSRI antidepressants. A Tardive dyskinesia . B Restless leg . syndrome C Parkinsonian . symptoms D Hyperthermia . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation SSRI antidepressant though useful for curing depression, can induce some adverse effects if not monitored and regulated. One of the most adverse effect induced through SSRI antidepressant is Parkinsonian symptoms. These include trembling, slowing down of movement and impaired balance. QUESTION 71 1. Select the drug that is least life-threatening when consumed in an overdose. A Pentobarbit . al B Zolpidem . C Eszopiclon . e D Diazepam . Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation Above all the drugs, the diazepam has the least life threatening drug. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine and is use for the treatment of anxiety disorders, seizures and neurologic disorders. FINAL 1 points 1 points In the case of single agent diazepam overdose, the effect of this is rarely fatal. QUESTION 72 1. Select the distinguishing characteristic of paraphilic disorders. A Deviation from normal sexual . behavior B Motivated by need to procreate . C Expression of love between two . persons D Cooperation to achieve mutual . pleasure Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Paraphilic Disorder  also known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation, the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, fantasies, behaviors or individuals.  the recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviors that are distressing or disabling and that involve inanimate objects, children or nonconsenting adults or suffering or humiliation of oneself or the partner with the potential to cause harm.  The exact causes leading to the development of paraphilias or paraphilic disorders are not known, though it posit to childhood sexual trauma, others believe certain objects or situations may become sexually arousing if they are frequently associated with pleasurable sexual activity. QUESTION 73 1. Select the neurotransmitter that is most implicated in schizophrenia based on theeffectiveness of antipsychotic drug therapy. A Norepinephri . ne B Dopamine . C GABA . D Glutamate . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation FINAL 1 points GABA is implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia. Benzodiazepines(that work on GABA-A receptor allosteric sites) have often been used with antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia. Answer: A . A One-week delay until return to . school B Return to school the next . normal day C Seek enrollment in a different . school D Start therapy with imipramine . Step-by-Step explanation Acute school refusal is not that serious and it only lasts for a very short time as compared to chronic school refusal. Allowing a student to have a week delay until return to school is the initial treatment of acute school refusal. This allows the student to adjust. However, if the school refusal persists then one can just start therapy with imipramine to reduce depression that might be associated with the school refusal behavior. QUESTION 75 1. Select the two patient populations most likely suffer neuroleptic-inducedparkinsonian symptoms. A Female . B Male . C Elderly . D Adolescen . ts Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanationA. Female C. Elderly These are the most to likely to suffer from the symptoms. 1 points 1 points QUESTION 74 1. Select the initial intervention to treat children experiencing acute school refusal. FINAL QUESTION 77 1. Select the intrinsic chemical released in orgasm that reinforces pleasurablesensation. A Dopamine 1 points QUESTION 76 1. Select the psychoactive substance that is most frequently consumed worldwide. A Nicotine . B Caffeine . C Alcohol . D Marijuan . a Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanationB. Caffeine It is the widely used psychoactive substance in the world . B Serotonin . C Epinephri . ne D Oxytocin . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Dopamine is the intrinsic chemical that has been associated with a pleasure sensation. When individuals are engaged in pleasure activities such as swimming, playing, etc., their hypothalamus is constantly stimulated to release dopamine to enhance the individual's rewardand pleasure. The neurotransmitter motivates, compels, and provides energy and drive for individuals to engage in pleasurable activities. Before the pleasure activity, the brain will predict the levels ofdopamine required for enough pleasure and then stimulate the hypothalamus to release it. If the predicted amount of dopamine coincides with the pleasure activities, then the amounts of dopamine remain elevated. If pleasure exceeds the expected amount, more dopamine is produced, while if less pleasure is experienced, the dopamine levels drop drastically. Pleasurable activities that could trigger the release of dopamine include eating good food, creating art, having good sex, etc (Schaffhausen, 2020). Reference FINAL 1 points 1 points QUESTION 79 1. Select the age at which sexual identity is self-evident. Schaffhausen, J. (2020). The Pleasure Principle: Connections Between Reward And Learning. Retrieved from Brain Connection: QUESTION 78 1. Select the comorbid disorder that is more frequent in children with gender dysphoria. A Down . syndrome B Bipolar I . C Autism . spectrum D ADHD . Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation The comorbid disorder that is most common in children with gender dysphoria is ADHD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that can lead to levels above normal of hyperactive and impulsive behaviors, so this could result in some disorders such as dysphoria of gender. A 6 months to 1 . year B 2 to 3 years . C 4 to 5 years . D 6 to 8 years . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is B. 2 to 3 years. Between the ages of 18 and 24, most children acquire the ability to recognize and identify gender categories, such as girl, woman, feminine, boy, man and masculinity. Categorization of gender happens by 3 years. References. FINAL 1 points 1 points QUESTION 81 1. Select the brain region that is associated with substance addiction. 1. Ksiazkiewicz, A., & Friesen, A. (2020). Slimy worms or sticky kids: How caregiving tasks and gender identity attenuate disgust response. Politics and the Life Sciences, 39(2), 167-186. 2. Moore, A., & Reynolds, P. (2017). Childhood and sexuality: Contemporary issues and debates. Springer. QUESTION 80 1. Select two of the “Four A’s” symptoms of schizophrenia described by Bleuler. A autism . B ambivalen . ce C anhedonia . D abstract . Answer: A . and B . Step-by-Step explanation Bleuler described schizophrenia as having four primary symptoms. Ambivalence, Autism, Reduced Association (or Disassociation) of Ideas, and Flat Affect, according to him, were the "4A's" of schizophrenia. reference: Kchessler. (n.d.). Abnormal Psychology. Lumen. %20and%20flat%20Affect. A Prefrontal . cortex B Caudate . nucleus C Basal ganglia . D Ventral . tegmental Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanationA. Prefrontal cortex QUESTION 82 1 points FINAL 1 points . B Nonresponse to sexual . stimulation C Pain during sexual activity . D Presence of substance . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation The answers are A and C In general, there are four types of sexual dysfunction:  Desire disorder which is lack of sexual desire or interest in sex.  Arousal disorders are disorders in which a person is unable to become physically aroused or excited during sexual activity.  Orgasm disorders are characterized by a lack of or a delay in orgasm (climax).  Intercourse pain Reference Sexual dysfunction & disorders: Treatment, symptoms & diagnosis. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. QUESTION 83 1. Select the neurotransmitter for which the metabolite 5-HIAA in CSF is evident andpredictive of suicide. A Serotonin . B Dopamine . C Norepinephri . ne D GABA . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanationA. Serotonin. Low levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been linked to suicidal behavior in patients with depression, but research into the relationship between CSF 5-HIAA and suicidal behavior has been limited. Reference 1. Select the two essential features of sexual dysfunction. A Failure to achieve orgasm FINAL 1 points QUESTION 84 1. Select the factor that is most influential in determining gender role development. 1 points Low levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been linked to suicidal behavior in patients with depression, but research into the relationship between CSF 5-HIAA and suicidal behavior has been limited. A Parentin . g B Genetic . s C Learnin . g D Hormon . al Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Gender role development is mostly influenced by parenting . In most cases gender roles are culturally influenced stereotypes which create expectations for appropriate behavior for malesor females . An understanding of these roles is evident in children as young age hence parenting plays a pivotal role in such . Gender roles are influenced by the media, family , environment , society and parenting . The way the child is brought up or the way of parenting will shape the particular gender for his or her role . Different parents have different ways of parenting and instructing their siblings of different things hence as the different gender grow and mature they stick on different roles . Genetics does not influence gender roles but rather focuses more on the genes of an individual that does not influence the role . Learning sharpens or increases an individual's IQ whereas hormonal regulates most of the body functions , activities or development . Therefore the most influential factor for gender role is , parenting . References Gender roles in childhood. (2013, November 22). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 11, 2021, from QUESTION 85 1. Select the primary defense mechanism that is common in delusional disorder. A Projection . B Repression . C Suppression . D Rationalizati FINAL 1 points QUESTION 86 1. Select the epidemiologic characteristic of tardive dyskinesia symptoms. A Absence during sleep . on Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation B. Repression Repression is a defense mechanism which occurs when a threatening idea , emotion or thought enters the consciousness; This defense mechanism causes threatening material or intrusive thoughts .People that are suffering from delusions will often show repression as a defense mechanism . One can also engage in other repressive disorders like projection or displacement. . B Most common in men . C Absence in age less than 50 . D 5% to 10% of patients require . hospitalization Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation According to the question, the essential answer is A. This is because tardive dyskinesia is usually a side effect of various antipsychotic medications and some brain conditions. This is important as it results in abnormal and involuntary movement of an individuals' tongue, lips, and jaw. This is ideal as the condition is usually a syndrome of choreiform. As a result, this results in involuntary movement, which often increases when an individual is emotionally aroused. This is important as the condition often decreases as the individual relaxes, thus disappearing when they sleep. As a result, the ideal answer is A. REFERENCE  Carbon, M., Hsieh, C. H., Kane, J. M., & Correll, C. U. (2017). Tardive dyskinesia prevalence in the period of second-generation antipsychotic use: a meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(3), 264-278.  Fernandez, H. H., Factor, S. A., Hauser, R. A., Jimenez-Shahed, J., Ondo, W. G., Jarskog, L. F., ... & Anderson, K. E. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of deutetrabenazine for tardive dyskinesia: the ARM-TD study. Neurology, 88(21), .  Prisco, V., Iannaccone, T., & Di Grezia, G. (2017). Use of buspirone in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sleep bruxism. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), s855- s855.  Solmi, M., Pigato, G., Kane, J. M., & Correll, C. U. (2018). Clinical risk factors for the development of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of the neurological sciences, 389, 21-27. FINAL 1 points A 1 . 5 B 3 . 0 C 4 . 5 D 7 . 0 Answer: D Step-by-Step explanation Approximately 70% of patients treated with any antipsychotic achieves remission. Therefore, A, B, and C are wrong. Reference: Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Md, R. P. (2014). Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry (Eleventh ed.). LWW. QUESTION 88 1. Select the two nor