LETRS Unit 1 questions well solved 2022

phonics The study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent, also used as a descriptor for code based instruction phonemic awareness a conscious awareness of individual speech sounds (consonants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate sounds syllable a unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel, it may or may not have a consonant after the vowel orthography a writing system for representing language morphophonemic a deep alphabetic writing system organized by both sound-symbol correspondences and morphology morpheme the smallest meaningful unit of language, it may be a word or a part of a word, it may be single sound, one syllable or multiple syllables cognate a word in one language that shares a common anscestor and common meanings with a word in another language metalinguistic awareness the ability to think about adn reflect on the structure of language itself. decoding the ability to translate a word from print to speech, usually by employing knowledge of sound symbol correspondences discourse written or spoken communication or the exchange of information and ideas, usually longer than a sentence, between individuals or between the writer and the reader academic language written or spoken language that is more stylistically formal than spoken conversational language; language that is most often used in academic discourse and text orthographic mapping the mental process used to store words for immediate and effortless retrieval. It requires phonemic awareness, letter-sound knowledge and the mechanism for sight word learning lexicon the name for the mental dictionary in every person's phonological processing system grapheme a letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme, can be one, two, three or four letters in English automaticity the ability to read quickly and accurately without conscious effort phoneme grapheme mapping the matching of phonemes (sounds) in words with the graphemes (letters) that represent them alphabetic principle the concept that letters are used to represent individual phonemes in the spoken word; insight into this principle is critical for learning to read and spell sight vocabulary a student's bank of words that are instantly and effortlessly recognized; includes both regularly spelled and irregularly spelled words single and double deficit single deficit refers to a prominent and specific weakness in either phonological or naming speed processing. Double deficit refers to a combination of phonological and naming speed deficits norm referenced tests refers to standardized tests that are designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to each other benchmark a standard or set of standards used as a threshold for predicting future risk for reading difficulty reliable measure a measure that is likely to yield the same result if it were to be given several times on the same day in the same context valid measure a measure that measures what was intended (construct validity) corresponds well to other known valid measures, and predicts with good accuracy how students are likely to perform on accountability measures