Health Science Microbiology test

Health Science Microbiology test What are the two main functions of antibodies? 1. Specific binding of an antigen 2. Interaction with cellular or molecular components The macrophage binding site of an antibody is? heavy and light chain What is the most abundant antibody - in the blood? in the mucus membrane? IgG for blood, IgA for mucus membrane What antibodies can activate complement? IgG What is the purpose of vaccination? it allows a protective immune response to be generated in as individuals as possible without generating significant side effects. What are the 5 properties of an ideal vaccine? Promotes effective resistance Resistance lasts as long as possible Safe Stable/ potent during storage and shipping Cheap Live vaccine vs. Killed vaccine Live vaccines -single dose -small number of organisms -less stable -spread of infection Killed vaccine -multiple doses -large numbers of organisms -more stable -no able to spread What are some political and medical issues with vaccines? There are many different opinions, and these opinions play a role in the vaccine industry What are some problems with vaccine testing and production? - a good study takes 10-30 years - varying side effects - despite the need for mass production, some cannot be mass produced - takes years to make enough vaccines - variation form batch to batch Complications or side effects of vaccines? - allergic effects of vaccine -harmful effects to fetus -toxicity -immunodeficient host Why can a very rapid infection (ex. Influenza) cause a fully vaccinated person become sick? It takes time to detect the infection and make memory cells to fight What are 3 main factors leading to increased severity of infections in diabetic patients? - high levels of iron - impaired function of neutrophils - compromised blood flow What are some examples of infection more common in diabetic patients? gas gangrene and necrotizing fasciitis What infection increase when the complement pathway does not start properly? Rheumatic disorders and encapsulated bacteria What infections increase when the membrane attack complex fails to form? Neisseria species especially meningococcal meningitis and systemic gonococci What is the 1# cause of infectious deaths worldwide (2010)? Tissue Destruction in Diabetes When HIV enters the body, what is the first cell it infects? What is the cell that HIV commonly infects? CD4 and T helper cells