NUR 502 PATHO

NUR 502 PATHO EXAM 6 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 11 1. Teaching instructions for a patient suffering traumatic brain injury s/p MVA? PAGE 514 No NSAIDS- can take Tylenol. Episodes of hyperactivity (Tachy, hyperthermia, diaphoresis). Elevate HOB to 30. Antiseizure medication NO TREATMENT OTHER THAN REST. 2. Most likely type of cerebral injury with patient sustaining head injury exhibiting lost consciousness with headache, confusion and vomiting? PAGE 521 Hematomas Epidural/Subdural 3. What is the purpose of folate supplementation folate in prenatal woman? PAGE 507 reduce risk of spina bifida 4. Which receptors are mainly altered by phencyclidine (PCP)? PAGE 556 NMDA The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Depression- Ketamine. NMDA acts on glutamate ions (influx of sodium, water, potassium) causes edema **CVA 5. The most likely cause of stroke in cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? PAGE 527 Ischemic stroke most common. Altered tissue perfusion-Lack of oxygen and glucose. Atherosclerosis- plaque common cause. Thrombotic, embolic 2 types of ischemic stroke 6. What type of paralysis will be most likely in a cerebrovascular accident.? PAGE 529 Anterior circulation, Hemiparalysis. 7. What is a tuft of hair over a birthmark in the sacrococcygeal area is noted with no other abnormalities? PAGE 507 Spina bifida occulta 8. Alteration in what chromosomes have been associated with the development of mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. PAGE 556 Chromosome 3 & 10 9. What are the symptoms associated with migraine without aura? PAGE 534 Prodromal (1-2 days before migraine)- irritability, euphoria, depressive yawning, food craving and constipation. Migraine- vision loss, sensory loss (tingling), language difficulty(dysphagia). Photophobia, phonophobia (sounds). N/V. unilateral 10. Patient complaining of a unilateral throbbing headache that is severe, runny nose, teary eyes, restlessness. Headaches come and go for several days. What is the likely type of headache? PAGE 536- cluster headaches 11. What is the diagnosis is associated with cervical spinal cord injury with hypertension and bradycardia, blurred vision? PAGE 524 Autonomic dysreflexia 12. Clinical manifestations in patient suffering of spinal shock in cervical spinal cord injury. PAGE 522 paralysis below kevel of injury, lack of sensation (anesthesia), loss of reflex. Bowel & bladder incontinence, vasodilation & hypotension. Poikithermia (Temp control issue), increased metabolic rate, 13. Migraine cause and etiology? PAGE 534 Result of a wave of self-propagating neuronal and glial depolarization. Cortical spreading depression of Leao. Activates trigeminal nerves, upregulates matrix metalloproteinase. Alters blood brain-barrier. Inflammation around the meninges. Vasoactive peptides (substance P, calcitonin- peptide gene, neurokinin A). serotonin receptors activation. 14. Signs and symptoms of patient exhibiting compulsive behavior? 15. Signs and symptoms of patient exhibiting maniac episode in mental health patients? PAGE 560 Abnormal and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Bipolar disorder. 16. Microorganisms linked to meningitis. PAGE 511 Bacteria: Neisseria mengintides, streptococcus, Hemophilus influenzae. Virus: enterovirus, west nile, influenza, HIV, herpes. 17. What symptoms are associated to alogia? PAGE 565 Diminished speech output -Schizophrenia. 18. Signs of increased intracranial pressure in patient sustain severe head injury s/p MVA? ICP starts PAGE 517 S/S PAGE 520. Decreased LOC, projectile vomiting, increased blood pressure, increased pulse pressure, brady, papilledema, fixed, dilated pupils, posturing. Behavior changes, severe headaches, neurological deficits, seizures, lethargy. Infants: separated sutures, bulging fontanels. 19. What information should be provided to patient suffering of depression about electroconvulsive therapy? PAGE 560. Causes small 15-17 seconds cerebral seizures. Can resume normal activity 1 hr after procedure. General anesthesia. Procedure last 10min. 20. Name of thoughts and behaviors associated with hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia patients. PAGE 564 21. Location of pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia. • Scenes of extreme or poking pain that may feel like an electric shock • Pain or attacks activated by touching the face, biting, talking or brushing • Pain areas include the ear, eyes, forehead, jaw, or mouth and face • Over sensitivity, sensitivity to pain, or uncomfortable tingling and burning • Can be only one attack of pain, some may experience sharp pain every hour or every few seconds 22. Symptoms are associated to benign febrile seizures. PAGE 537 Focal and generalized. 23. Comparison symptoms associated with major depressive disorders in adults and children? PAGE 559 CHART 24. In a generalized anxiety disorder, anticipatory anxiety and attentional bias to threats are thought be caused by alteration what neurotransmitters? PAGE 566 Serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA and dopamine 25. Management of high blood pressure in ischemic stroke? PAGE 531 26. Neuroanatomic and neurotransmitter associated with alterations and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. PAGE 565 27. Pharmacologic effect of second-generation antipsychotics on neurotransmitters? PAGE 565 • 5HT2A antagonism reduces EPSE by increasing Dopamine in the nigrostriatal areas. • 5HT2A antagonism reduces negative symptoms by improving Dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. • 5HT2A antagonism has antidepressant effects by increasing dopamine in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. ... • 5HT2A antagonist actions reduce hyperprolactinaemia. 28. Name of the ability of the brain synapse numbers and strength to change? 29. Difference between dementia and delirium? PAGE 548 30. Relationship between the hypothalamic pituitary axis and depression? PAGE 556 Increased in hypothalamic pituitary HYPERACTIVITY 31. Symptoms of major depressive disorder? PAGE 557 32. Name of essential amino acids which is a precursor to serotonin? L-tryptophan eggs poultry