LETRS Glossary Volume 1 Units 1-4 complete solution 2022/2023

1. academic language: written or spoken language that is more stylistically formal than spoken conversational language; language that is most often used in acade- mic discourse or text. 2. adjective: A part of speech that describes a noun or person (e.g., windy, blue). 3. adverb: A part of speech that describes a verd, adjective, or adverb (e.g., sadly, crookedly). 4. affricate: A speech sound with features of both a fricative and a stop; in English, /ch/ and /j/ are . 5. allophones: Slight alterations to pronunciation of phonemes resulting from phonemes overlapping with one another in a spoken word; these variations of pronunciation are predictable and unconscious, as most speakers make them. 6. allophonic variation: The slightly different pronunciation of a phoneme, de- pending on its place in a word; for example, automatic nasalizing of a vowel before a nasal consonant. 7. alphabetic principle: The concept that letters are used to represent individual phonemes in the spoken word; insight into this principle is critical for learning to read and spell. 8. antonym: A word that overlaps with another word, but which has the opposite meaning. 9. automaticity: The ability to read quickly and accurately without conscious effort. 10. background knowledge: Preexisting knowledge of facts and ideas necessary to make inferences. 11. base words: Words that can stand on their own, or can serve as part of another word, as a free morpheme. 12. benchmark: A standard or a set of standards used as a threshold for predicting future risk for reading difficulty. 13. blend: Two or three graphemes, each one representing a phoneme (e.g., the s-c-r in scrape); a is not one sound, but two or three adjacent consonants before or after a vowel in a syllable. 14. characters: The protagonist or who the story is about, plus optional secondary people or animals whose roles within the story help the plot to unfold. 15. clause: A group of words that has a subject and a predicate and functions as a unit.