MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE
Zaporozhye State Medical University
Pathophysiology Department
PATHOLOGY OF
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY
Module № 1 General Pathophysiology
Submodule 1 General nosology
Manual for independent work for the students of the 3rd course of
international faculty speciality “General medicine” English medium of
instruction
Zaporozhye 2017
,УДК
ББК
Затверджено на засіданні Центральної методичної Ради
ЗДМУ (протокол № від 20 р.) та рекомендовано для
використання в
навчальному процесі.
Затверджено на методичній нараді кафедри патофізіології « » 2017 р.
Authors:
O.V. Melnikova, associate professor, Ph.D.
T.A. Grekova, senior lecturer, Ph.D.
T.V. Ivanenko, senior lecturer, Ph.D.
Y.V. Kadzharyan, senior lecturer, Ph.D.
Pathology of immunological reactivity. Module № 1 General
Pathophysiology. Submodule 1 General nosology: Manual for
independent work for the students of the 3rd course of international
faculty speciality “General medicine” English medium of instruction
/ O.V. Melnikova [and others]; – Zaporozhye, 2017. – 73 с.
©Колектив авторів, 2017
2
, Contents
1. Definition and types of reactivity and resistance 4
2. Organs and tissues of immune system. Mechanisms of immunity
10
3. Deficiency of immunity 23
4. Allergy etiology, classification and general pathogenesis 42
5. Allergic reactions pathogenesis 46
6. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease 58
3
, REACTIVITYDEFINITION AND TYPES
Reactivity is the ability of the organism to adapt to the endogenous and
exogenous influences by changing its vital activity. The manifestation of reactivity
can be observed on all the levels of biological systems organization. Reactivity is a
characteristic of all living beings. It is the reactivity that determines the occurrence
and the progress of a disease. The level of reactivity depends on various factors –
hereditary and acquired (sex, age, state of the nervous, immune and endocrine
systems, the environment).
It is known that different species of animals change their vital activity under
endogenous influence differently; different groups of people react to the same
influence in different ways, and every individual has his own peculiar way of
reacting. It gives the basis for the definition of different types of reactivity:
Species (biological) reactivity is the reactivity typical to particular species of
animals. We can refer to animals’ seasonal behaviour as an example of the species’
reactivity (hibernation, migration of birds and fish, etc.), specific features of
pathological processes (inflammation, fever, allergy) in different species.
Reactivity has passed its own evolution: in higher animals (vertebrates) the
variability and strength of reactivity is more than in invertebrates.
Susceptibility or unresponsiveness to infection also supports an idea about
species’ reactivity and resistance: tetanus is dangerous for people, monkeys and
horses and it is not dangerous for cats, dogs, tortoises, crocodiles; rats and mice
can’t have diphtheria, dogs and cats – botulism.
It can be revealed in experiment that different species of animals will
demonstrate to exogenous influences (mechanical trauma, chemicals, extremes of
temperature exposures, ionizing radiation, hypoxia, etc.)
Group reactivity is the reactivity of groups of people (animals) which have a
common sign that determines their reactivity.
Such signs may be: age, sex, constitution type, race, blood group, type of
higher nervous activity, group of people with the same illness, group of high
altitude inhabitants, etc.
4
Zaporozhye State Medical University
Pathophysiology Department
PATHOLOGY OF
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY
Module № 1 General Pathophysiology
Submodule 1 General nosology
Manual for independent work for the students of the 3rd course of
international faculty speciality “General medicine” English medium of
instruction
Zaporozhye 2017
,УДК
ББК
Затверджено на засіданні Центральної методичної Ради
ЗДМУ (протокол № від 20 р.) та рекомендовано для
використання в
навчальному процесі.
Затверджено на методичній нараді кафедри патофізіології « » 2017 р.
Authors:
O.V. Melnikova, associate professor, Ph.D.
T.A. Grekova, senior lecturer, Ph.D.
T.V. Ivanenko, senior lecturer, Ph.D.
Y.V. Kadzharyan, senior lecturer, Ph.D.
Pathology of immunological reactivity. Module № 1 General
Pathophysiology. Submodule 1 General nosology: Manual for
independent work for the students of the 3rd course of international
faculty speciality “General medicine” English medium of instruction
/ O.V. Melnikova [and others]; – Zaporozhye, 2017. – 73 с.
©Колектив авторів, 2017
2
, Contents
1. Definition and types of reactivity and resistance 4
2. Organs and tissues of immune system. Mechanisms of immunity
10
3. Deficiency of immunity 23
4. Allergy etiology, classification and general pathogenesis 42
5. Allergic reactions pathogenesis 46
6. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease 58
3
, REACTIVITYDEFINITION AND TYPES
Reactivity is the ability of the organism to adapt to the endogenous and
exogenous influences by changing its vital activity. The manifestation of reactivity
can be observed on all the levels of biological systems organization. Reactivity is a
characteristic of all living beings. It is the reactivity that determines the occurrence
and the progress of a disease. The level of reactivity depends on various factors –
hereditary and acquired (sex, age, state of the nervous, immune and endocrine
systems, the environment).
It is known that different species of animals change their vital activity under
endogenous influence differently; different groups of people react to the same
influence in different ways, and every individual has his own peculiar way of
reacting. It gives the basis for the definition of different types of reactivity:
Species (biological) reactivity is the reactivity typical to particular species of
animals. We can refer to animals’ seasonal behaviour as an example of the species’
reactivity (hibernation, migration of birds and fish, etc.), specific features of
pathological processes (inflammation, fever, allergy) in different species.
Reactivity has passed its own evolution: in higher animals (vertebrates) the
variability and strength of reactivity is more than in invertebrates.
Susceptibility or unresponsiveness to infection also supports an idea about
species’ reactivity and resistance: tetanus is dangerous for people, monkeys and
horses and it is not dangerous for cats, dogs, tortoises, crocodiles; rats and mice
can’t have diphtheria, dogs and cats – botulism.
It can be revealed in experiment that different species of animals will
demonstrate to exogenous influences (mechanical trauma, chemicals, extremes of
temperature exposures, ionizing radiation, hypoxia, etc.)
Group reactivity is the reactivity of groups of people (animals) which have a
common sign that determines their reactivity.
Such signs may be: age, sex, constitution type, race, blood group, type of
higher nervous activity, group of people with the same illness, group of high
altitude inhabitants, etc.
4
