Unit 12A – DISEASE AND INFECTIONS
Bacteria
Bacteria are a type of prokaryotes the consist only of single cells and are unicellular. The structure of
bacteria is simpler than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes( acter cells) their e=cells are much smaller ranging
from the size 0.2 μm to 2.0 μm. They do not contain membrane bound organelles such as a
mitochondria or nucleus. When a bacterium reaches the predetermined size they begin to multiply
though the process of binary fission, a asexual reproduction process. In certain conditions bacteria may
start to reproduce and divide very quickly. For survival different types of bacterial may require different
temperatures, amount of oxygen and different bacteria growth.
Parasites
An organism that lives inside another organism is called a parasite, also knows as the host. Parasites
are usually smaller than their hosts, and they consume both vertebrate and invertebrates. To survive
parasites are fully reliant on its host and cannot survive, grow and multiply without it. Therefore, it
rarely kills the host, however it can transmit infection of which some are lethal. A type of parasite is
called aa endoparasite which reside within the host. Tapeworms’ flatworms and heartworm are among
them. Another type of parasite is called a intercellular parasites which reside withing the gaps between
the cells of the hosts body such as bacteria and viruses. Endoparasites are reliant on vectors or a
carrier . the endoparasite is transmitted to the hosts body via the vector. Ectoparasite which is a type
of parasite that lives inside or on the skin, but it not found in the body, examples of ectoparasites are
fleas and lice.
Virus
Viruses are called akaryocytes which are very much smaller than a bacteria. They consist of a single or
double stranded DNA or RNA covered by a protein shell called a capsid. Viruses comes in different
shapes. DNA viruses and RNA viruses are types of viruses. An infection caused by a virus alternates
the metabolism of the hosts cell significantly. Fatty acid production and glycolysis are all induced by
many viruses. Virus infection can cause direct damage to the cell and death due to either energy
diversion, shut off of cell macromolecular synthesis and competition of viral mRNA for cellular
ribosomes.
Fungi
Fungi are a type of eukaryotic organism that are non-motile, nonvascular, and heterotrophic. They
could be unicellular or filamentous. Because fungi lake the organelle chlorophyll they are unable to do
photosynthesis. Fungi have a complicated structure. Fugal cells do contain a nucleus containing DNA.
However, a few fungi have bacteria: plasmids (loops pf DNA). Ectoparasite are common among fungi,
when fungi enter the body, it weakens the immune system . the fugus proliferate, disseminate an
penetrate tissues, spreading locally , moulds and years can filtrate the arteries in the blood and cause
an infection in the circulation and distant organs in the body .
Protozoa
, Protozoans are a type of eukaryotes with a complex internal structure. In most cells there is only one
nucleus, however due to scattered chromatin the nucleus appears to be distributed protozoa enters the
body through contaminated food pr drink and the usually grow and multiply in the intestines of the
body caused digestive problems, as the parasite continues to spread more organs may be impacted ,
inflammation, fever and other health problems are common symptoms of protozoa being transmitted
through an insect bite, their survival rate is hugely dependent on their ability to evade the host
immune system by entering and growing within the cells, changing their surface antigens, the protein
covered being removes and regulating the hists immunological response.
A disease caused by each pathogen
Bacteria
Gonorrhoea is bacterial infections that is sexually transmitted and that affects both genders ( females
and males) . how it causes an infection: The rectum, urethra and throat are most common places in
the body gonorrhoea is found gonorrhoea can also infect the cervix for a woman and the most common
ways for gonorrhoea to be transmitted is through vaginal, oral or anal sex. Gonorrhoea produces many
virulence factors to enhance survival and replication while remaining minimally invasive and
discoverable by immune cells as it passes through the stages of disease pathogenies (transmission,
adherence colonisation, invasion and immune evasion)
Period of asymptomatic time:
Symptoms in males normally develop two to seven days after infection, although they might take up to
30 days to appear. People infected with gonorrhoea frequently have no symptoms; 10 to 15% of men
and about 80% of women may have no symptoms.
Parasites.
A tiny parasite giardia causes giardiasis, a diarrheal condition. This parasite settles in the lumen of the
small intestines and is discharges in stool once a person of animal has been affected by this parasite.
The life cycle of giardia is divided into two stages: first the trophozoite which is found in the small
intestine, the cyst which is released into the environment. There is no host needed and the cycle lasts
about 1-3 weeks on average.
Periods of asymptomatic time
Giardia infections can cause no symptoms at all in some persons. Within 2 to 6 weeks, people with
giardiasis will normally feel better and no longer have symptoms. Symptoms may appear to be gone in
some situations, but they will return within a few days or weeks.
How it causes an infection
Giardiasis is caused by the Giardia parasite, which is a tiny parasite. In humans, the parasite clings to
the lining of the small intestine, causing diarrhoea and preventing the body from absorbing fats and
carbohydrates from digested foods.
Virus
HIV is a type of virus that affects the immune system. AIDS can be developed if HIV is not treated,
currently there is no viable treatment available, individuals who have contracted HIV are most likely
infected for the rest of their lives. However, HIV can be managed with the correct medical care. Cycle
of life: HIV focuses on and destroys the immune systems CD4 T lymphocytes. These cells are
important in the body’s defence against infections. HIV then multiplies are travels throughout the body
through the machinery of CD4 cells. The life cycle of HIV is a long stage process that takes place in the
body. HIV drugs controls the immune system by avoiding HIV from infecting the body at various stages
of the life cycle. One treatment of HIV is antiviral therapy combined with HIV medications. Every day
Bacteria
Bacteria are a type of prokaryotes the consist only of single cells and are unicellular. The structure of
bacteria is simpler than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes( acter cells) their e=cells are much smaller ranging
from the size 0.2 μm to 2.0 μm. They do not contain membrane bound organelles such as a
mitochondria or nucleus. When a bacterium reaches the predetermined size they begin to multiply
though the process of binary fission, a asexual reproduction process. In certain conditions bacteria may
start to reproduce and divide very quickly. For survival different types of bacterial may require different
temperatures, amount of oxygen and different bacteria growth.
Parasites
An organism that lives inside another organism is called a parasite, also knows as the host. Parasites
are usually smaller than their hosts, and they consume both vertebrate and invertebrates. To survive
parasites are fully reliant on its host and cannot survive, grow and multiply without it. Therefore, it
rarely kills the host, however it can transmit infection of which some are lethal. A type of parasite is
called aa endoparasite which reside within the host. Tapeworms’ flatworms and heartworm are among
them. Another type of parasite is called a intercellular parasites which reside withing the gaps between
the cells of the hosts body such as bacteria and viruses. Endoparasites are reliant on vectors or a
carrier . the endoparasite is transmitted to the hosts body via the vector. Ectoparasite which is a type
of parasite that lives inside or on the skin, but it not found in the body, examples of ectoparasites are
fleas and lice.
Virus
Viruses are called akaryocytes which are very much smaller than a bacteria. They consist of a single or
double stranded DNA or RNA covered by a protein shell called a capsid. Viruses comes in different
shapes. DNA viruses and RNA viruses are types of viruses. An infection caused by a virus alternates
the metabolism of the hosts cell significantly. Fatty acid production and glycolysis are all induced by
many viruses. Virus infection can cause direct damage to the cell and death due to either energy
diversion, shut off of cell macromolecular synthesis and competition of viral mRNA for cellular
ribosomes.
Fungi
Fungi are a type of eukaryotic organism that are non-motile, nonvascular, and heterotrophic. They
could be unicellular or filamentous. Because fungi lake the organelle chlorophyll they are unable to do
photosynthesis. Fungi have a complicated structure. Fugal cells do contain a nucleus containing DNA.
However, a few fungi have bacteria: plasmids (loops pf DNA). Ectoparasite are common among fungi,
when fungi enter the body, it weakens the immune system . the fugus proliferate, disseminate an
penetrate tissues, spreading locally , moulds and years can filtrate the arteries in the blood and cause
an infection in the circulation and distant organs in the body .
Protozoa
, Protozoans are a type of eukaryotes with a complex internal structure. In most cells there is only one
nucleus, however due to scattered chromatin the nucleus appears to be distributed protozoa enters the
body through contaminated food pr drink and the usually grow and multiply in the intestines of the
body caused digestive problems, as the parasite continues to spread more organs may be impacted ,
inflammation, fever and other health problems are common symptoms of protozoa being transmitted
through an insect bite, their survival rate is hugely dependent on their ability to evade the host
immune system by entering and growing within the cells, changing their surface antigens, the protein
covered being removes and regulating the hists immunological response.
A disease caused by each pathogen
Bacteria
Gonorrhoea is bacterial infections that is sexually transmitted and that affects both genders ( females
and males) . how it causes an infection: The rectum, urethra and throat are most common places in
the body gonorrhoea is found gonorrhoea can also infect the cervix for a woman and the most common
ways for gonorrhoea to be transmitted is through vaginal, oral or anal sex. Gonorrhoea produces many
virulence factors to enhance survival and replication while remaining minimally invasive and
discoverable by immune cells as it passes through the stages of disease pathogenies (transmission,
adherence colonisation, invasion and immune evasion)
Period of asymptomatic time:
Symptoms in males normally develop two to seven days after infection, although they might take up to
30 days to appear. People infected with gonorrhoea frequently have no symptoms; 10 to 15% of men
and about 80% of women may have no symptoms.
Parasites.
A tiny parasite giardia causes giardiasis, a diarrheal condition. This parasite settles in the lumen of the
small intestines and is discharges in stool once a person of animal has been affected by this parasite.
The life cycle of giardia is divided into two stages: first the trophozoite which is found in the small
intestine, the cyst which is released into the environment. There is no host needed and the cycle lasts
about 1-3 weeks on average.
Periods of asymptomatic time
Giardia infections can cause no symptoms at all in some persons. Within 2 to 6 weeks, people with
giardiasis will normally feel better and no longer have symptoms. Symptoms may appear to be gone in
some situations, but they will return within a few days or weeks.
How it causes an infection
Giardiasis is caused by the Giardia parasite, which is a tiny parasite. In humans, the parasite clings to
the lining of the small intestine, causing diarrhoea and preventing the body from absorbing fats and
carbohydrates from digested foods.
Virus
HIV is a type of virus that affects the immune system. AIDS can be developed if HIV is not treated,
currently there is no viable treatment available, individuals who have contracted HIV are most likely
infected for the rest of their lives. However, HIV can be managed with the correct medical care. Cycle
of life: HIV focuses on and destroys the immune systems CD4 T lymphocytes. These cells are
important in the body’s defence against infections. HIV then multiplies are travels throughout the body
through the machinery of CD4 cells. The life cycle of HIV is a long stage process that takes place in the
body. HIV drugs controls the immune system by avoiding HIV from infecting the body at various stages
of the life cycle. One treatment of HIV is antiviral therapy combined with HIV medications. Every day
