TestBank Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Krahn TB

TestBank Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Krahn TB Test Bank to accompany Prepared by Harvey J. Krahn, William Silver, and Karen D. Hughes University of AlbertaCopyright © 2015 by Nelson Education Ltd. ii Test Bank to accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, Seventh Edition By Harvey J. Krahn, Karen D. Hughes, and Graham S. Lowe Test Bank prepared by Harvey J. Krahn, William Silver, and Karen D. Hughes. Copy editor: Strong Finish Available at COPYRIGHT ©2015 by Nelson Education Ltd. Nelson is a registered trademark used herein under licence. All rights reserved. For more information contact Nelson, 1120 Birchmount Road, Toronto, Ontario M1K 5G4. Or you can visit our Internet site at . ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisherCopyright © 2015 by Nelson Education Ltd. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Historical Perspectives on Work (1700–1950s)........................................................ 1-1 Chapter 2: Contemporary Debates on Work (1950s to Present Day) .......................................... 2-1 Chapter 3: Canadian Employment Trends .............................................................................. 3-1 Chapter 4: Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs................................................................................ 4-1 Chapter 5: Labour Markets: Opportunities and Inequality......................................................... 5-1 Chapter 6: Gender and Paid Employment............................................................................... 6-1 Chapter 7: Household, Family, and Caring Work .................................................................... 7-1 Chapter 8: Organizing and Managing Work ........................................................................... 8-1 Chapter 9: In Search of New Managerial Paradigms................................................................ 9-1 Chapter 10: Conflict and Control in the Workplace................................................................ 10-1 Chapter 11: Unions and Industrial Relations.......................................................................... 11-1 Chapter 12: Alternative Approaches to Economic Organization .............................................. 12-1 Chapter 13: Work Values and Work Orientations.................................................................. 13-1 Chapter 14: Job Satisfaction, Alienation, and Work-Related Stress .......................................... 14-1Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 1 - 1 Chapter 1: Historical Perspectives on Work (1700–1950s) Multiple-Choice Questions Identify the choice that best answers the question. 1. Which of the following are demonstrated by historical studies? a. Industrial capitalism had given way to mercantile capitalism by the mid-1800s. b. Industrialization took place in Canada later than in Europe and the United States. c. Mercantile capitalism began in Asia, while industrial capitalism began in Europe. d. North American workers did not experience poverty and exploitation during early industrialization similar to what was experienced by the English working class. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pp. 4–5, 7–8 BLM: Higher Order 2. Compared to the era of industrial capitalism in western Europe, which of the following characterized feudal society? a. More rapid social change. b. Less emphasis on religion. c. Less wage labour. d. Larger communities. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 4 BLM: Remember 3. During the first half of the 1800s, Russia’s economy was dominated by agriculture, with powerful landowners profiting from the work done by landless peasants. During the second half of the 1800s, many large factories and railway systems were built by rich individuals and families and large companies. In 1917, the Russian Revolution led to the state (government) taking over ownership of farms, factories, railways, and the rest of the economy. This system stayed in place until 1989. Which of the following best describes Russia in the early 1800s? a. Mercantile capitalism. b. Feudalism. c. Industrial capitalism. d. Socialism. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 4 BLM: Remember 4. Based on Q. 5 (above), which of the following best describes Russia in the late 1800s? a. Post-feudalism. b. Mercantile capitalism. c. Industrial capitalism. d. Diversified capitalism. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 4–5 BLM: RememberTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 1 - 2 5. Which of the following best describes the “putting out” system that existed during early industrialization in Europe? a. Women were extensively involved in production. b. Large investments in manufacturing technology were required. c. It was more efficient than factory-based production. d. It dramatically increased the level of agricultural production. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 5 BLM: Higher Order 6. Which of the following was not part of “the great transformation” described by Karl Polanyi? a. The emergence of socialist forms of government. b. Growing urbanization. c. A shift to new technologies and inanimate energy sources. d. The emergence of widespread wage labour. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 6 BLM: Remember 7. Which of the following occurred in pre-industrial Canada in the early 1800s? a. Many people who had immigrated to the United States were moving to Canada because they could not get jobs in the United States. b. Immigrants employed in canal-building were very poorly paid. c. Many factories were being built. d. Agriculture was becoming the dominant industry in western Canada. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 7 BLM: Remember 8. During the early 1900s in Canada, which of the following were occurring? a. Skilled craftworkers in Ontario were eager to begin working in large factories. b. Employers did not want to hire immigrants from Europe and China for jobs in mining and railway-building because they thought they would join unions. c. Dangerous working conditions in mining in western Canada led to several socialists being elected as provincial politicians. d. Laws were being passed so that women were paid the same as men for similar work. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 9–10 BLM: Remember 9. The economy in the African country of Hypothetica is primarily agricultural. Most of the farms are owned by companies in western Europe or the United States. Local residents are hired on a monthly basis to work on the farms, using high-tech farm machinery. Which of the following concepts that Karl Marx introduced would be best for describing this economic system? a. Mode of production. b. Means of production.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 1 - 3 c. Social relations of production. d. Industrial agrarian production. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 10 BLM: Higher Order 10. According to Karl Marx, which of the following would eventually be the root cause of the end of capitalism and the emergence of socialism? a. Laws prohibiting trade unions. b. Increasing division of labour. c. Alienating effects of bureaucracy. d. Growing conflict between the working class and capitalists. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 11 BLM: Higher Order 11. Which of the following social theorists best predicted what happened in Russia in 1917? a. Adam Smith. b. Émile Durkheim. c. Max Weber. d. Karl Marx. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 11 BLM: Remember 12. Which of the following best describes Russia throughout most of the 1900s? a. State capitalism. b. Mercantile capitalism. c. Industrial capitalism. d. State socialism. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 11–12 BLM: Remember 13. In what way did Adam Smith and Karl Marx have similar views about work relationships in industrial societies, even though their reasons were different? a. Both were opposed to the division of labour. b. Both were opposed to excessive bureaucracy. c. Both felt that unions did not really provide benefits to workers. d. Both felt that the exploitation of workers was wrong. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 12 BLM: Higher Order 14. Which of the following is most correct with respect to social theories about the division of labour? a. Adam Smith believed that it led to widespread alienation among workers. b. Émile Durkheim argued that it was both economically useful and morally good.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 1 - 4 c. Karl Marx believed it increased both profits for owners and the happiness of workers. d. Max Weber stated that it no longer existed in large bureaucracies. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pp. 12–15 BLM: Higher Order 15. Adam Smith’s view of modern economies is described best by which of the following? a. He argued that competition led to the creation of wealth. b. He condoned the exploitation of workers because low wages increase productivity. c. He believed the division of labour had no impact on productivity. d. He felt that the key to understanding the economy was studying bureaucracy. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 12–13 BLM: Remember 16. Adam Smith argued that an extensive division of labour could lead to immense increases in productivity in a factory setting. What did Charles Babbage propose to further increase profits for factory owners? a. Increasing the length of the working day. b. Paying workers less, since they would require fewer skills. c. Outlawing trade unions. d. Making workers pay for their own tools. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 14 BLM: Remember 17. Which of the following assumptions is most central to Émile Durkheim’s assessment of the positive social outcomes of the division of labour? a. Workers doing very different jobs must recognize that they depend on others with different responsibilities. b. An extensive division of labour is typically most profitable. c. While workers are doing very different jobs, they all should be paid about the same. d. People with more skills must be paid the most. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 15 BLM:Higher Order 18. Health Central is a large hospital where most doctors earn over $200,000 annually, most nurses earn about $65,000 annually, and the cleaning staff are paid the minimum wage. Because they feel they are underpaid, the cleaning staff don’t like helping the nurses. For the same reason, the nurses don’t like helping out the doctors. A consultant hired to deal with the problem recommends a series of workshops where members of all three groups will meet to learn more about what others do in their jobs. Which of the following social theorists would likely applaud this suggestion? a. Adam Smith. b. Karl Marx. c. Émile Durkheim. d. Max Weber. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 15 BLM: Higher OrderTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 1 - 5 19. The approach recommended by the consultant hired by Health Central (see Q. 18) would best be described as reflecting which of the following perspectives on the sociology of work? a. The great transformation perspective. b. The post-bureaucratic perspective. c. The conflict perspective. d. The consensus approach. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 15 BLM: Higher Order 20. Organization X has the following characteristics. According to Max Weber, which one would not be present in an “ideal type” bureaucracy? a. Each job has its own clearly defined responsibilities. b. A clear chain of command links all positions from the bottom to the top of the organizational hierarchy. c. Managers require workers to volunteer in the community, but do not allow them to get involved in politics. d. Carefully written records are kept of all decisions made and transactions completed. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 16 BLM: Higher Order Short Answer Questions 21. Define and briefly discuss, with examples, the concepts of “industrial society” and “capitalist system of production.” REF: p. 3 22. Briefly discuss what Karl Polanyi meant by “the great transformation.” REF: p. 6 23. In one or two sentences for each, describe one of the main contributions to the sociology of work made by Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber. REF: pp. 10–16 24. Briefly compare the “consensus” and “conflict” perspectives in the sociology of work. REF: pp. 11–12, 15Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 1 - 6 Essay Questions 25. Imagine that Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim were invited to debate what they saw to be the key social aspects of the Industrial Revolution and its most important outcomes. In your essay, outline the arguments and rebuttals that each might make. Suggested student response: Students will need to outline the basic social/economic theories of both Marx and Durkheim. The “conflict” and “consensus” perspectives on the sociology of work would be a useful framework. More motivated students might consult additional scholarly sources that critique either Marx or Durkheim or both. 26. Canada developed into an industrial capitalist society following a somewhat different path than Britain. Discuss these differences. How has the contemporary Canadian economy and society been shaped by its unique industrialization trajectory? Suggested student response: Students should discuss feudalism, mercantile capitalism, and industrial capitalism in Britain. Reference to “the great transformation” (Polanyi) would be useful. They should recognize that the process started later in Canada, did not really involve feudalism, was influenced by what was occurring in the United States, and had strong regional components. Both the influence of the United States and the regional nature of Canadian industrialization are reflected in Canadian society today. Some students might move beyond the economic to discuss impacts on contemporary Canadian culture, on First Nations, or other themes. 27. George Santayana once wrote that “[t]hose who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” Other contemporary social commentators suggest there is little to learn from the history of industrial capitalism, since new technologies have so dramatically changed the world of work. What is your opinion on this debate? Suggested student response: Students could go in almost any direction with this essay question, but they should present a reasonably extensive and accurate description of the history of industrial capitalism in Canada and/or Britain to argue that history is either relevant or not. An answer taking the position that history is relevant is likely to be more convincing. With respect to this position, continued regional differences in employment opportunities in Canada would be worth noting. 28. See Discussion Questions at the end of Chapter 1 for additional ideas for examination essay questions.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 2 - 1 Chapter 2: Contemporary Debates on Work (1950s to Present Day) Multiple-Choice Questions Identify the choice that best answers the question. 1. Which of the following is a central argument in the “managerial revolution” theory? a. Diffusion in ownership and the rise of managers leads to reduced workplace conflict. b. Managers think and act much like owners do. c. Many corporations are still controlled by a small, powerful group of shareholders. d. Family ownership of large corporations is a thing of the past. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 23 BLM: Higher Order 2. In his descriptions of postindustrial society compared to industrial societies, Daniel Bell emphasized which of the following arguments? a. Power would be concentrated among fewer people than in the past. b. Knowledge workers would become the new elite in society. c. Only a small number of workers would be involved in knowledge production. d. The United States would no longer be a dominant world power. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 24 BLM: Higher Order 3. Which of the following best characterizes Richard Florida’s view of the transformation from goods to knowledge production in contemporary society? a. Knowledge workers will become increasingly polarized in high- and low-skilled jobs. b. Creativity and the creative class are responsible for economic growth. c. Geography becomes less important as workers participate in a networked society. d. High human capital and education are not as essential for creative workers. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pp. 24–25 BLM: Remember 4. “Creative destruction,” according to Joseph Schumpeter, is best characterized by which of the following? a. The impact of the “managerial revolution” on traditional family-run businesses. b. The breaking down of old industrial structures and their replacement by more competitive, efficient, and high-technology alternatives. c. The demise of state socialism and the emergence of capitalism in Russia. d. The impact of “free trade” on Canada’s cultural industries. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 26 BLM: RememberTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 2 - 2 5. Which of the following is a critique of globalization? a. Poorer countries receive an unfair advantage. b. Multinational corporations employ a majority of the world’s workforce. c. Workers can easily migrate to any country. d. National cultures may be threatened. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 28 BLM: Remember 6. Based on Gordon Laxer’s analysis, which of the following best exemplifies the economic changes involved with globalization? a. The increase in free trade agreements aimed to expand free markets. b. Ideological change that comes with trade liberalization. c. The emergence of a universal world culture. d. New communication technologies that contribute to a growth in services. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 28 BLM: Higher Order 7. Which of the following is the best example of the negative impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)? a. The increase of employment-related geographic mobility within Canada. b. Mexican migrants who participate in transnational families while working away from home. c. Highly skilled workers leaving Canada for higher paying work in the United States or Mexico. d. The rise of low-wage factory production in Mexico. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 31 BLM: Higher Order 8. Nonstandard work can be best described as which of the following? a. Shift work. b. Work performed by illegal immigrants in Canada. c. Work performed for a minimum wage. d. Part-time, temporary, or contract work. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 32 BLM: Remember 9. Which of the following is the central argument of the “logic of industrialism” thesis? a. Industrialization leads to lower levels of social inequality. b. Urbanization has to occur first, before industrialization can develop. c. Because of industrialization, all countries will eventually resemble each other. d. Industrialization has to occur first, before large scale urbanization will take place. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 33 BLM: Higher OrderTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 2 - 3 10. Which of the following has been demonstrated by the emergence of industrial capitalism in the East Asian “tiger nations” and in the “BRIC” economies? a. The validity of the “convergence” theory of industrialism. b. It now takes less time for countries to industrialize than it did a century ago. c. Industrial capitalism always functions best if the state (the government) is not involved in any way at all. d. Industrialization eventually always leads to greater social equality. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pp. 34–41 BLM: Higher Order 11. Which of the following best characterizes the type of capitalism that has emerged in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union? a. Lower levels of inequality than observed when capitalism emerged in western Europe. b. Much more competition than when capitalism emerged in western Europe. c. A strong liberal welfare state. d. An odd mix of communism, capitalism, and organized crime. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 40 BLM: Remember 12. Which of the following best characterizes a Keynesian economic principle? a. The government should have an active role in the economy. b. The free market should not be regulated. c. Economic competitiveness requires the shrinking of the welfare state. d. High unemployment and inequality are normal and unavoidable. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 42 BLM: Remember 13. Which of the following is the best example of “emotional labour?” a. A live-in caregiver who develops strong personal relationships with the family she or he works for. b. An Oscar Award–winning dramatic performance. c. A fast-food worker who is forced to smile when interacting with customers. d. The performance of emotions in relationships with family members. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 44 BLM: Remember 14. The term emotional proletariat describes workers in low-skilled jobs with high emotional demands. Which of the following is the best example of a “privileged emotional manager”? a. A Canada Post letter carrier. b. A bank teller.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 2 - 4 c. A player on the Toronto Blue Jays. d. A family doctor. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 44 BLM: Higher Order 15. “Live-in caregiving” is a good example of which two types of work? a. Interactive service work and mobile work. b. Emotional labour and knowledge work. c. Telework and mobile work. d. Nonstandard work and service work. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 44–45 BLM: Remember 16. Which of the following is the best example of a “mobile worker”? a. An insurance salesperson who telecommutes part of the time from home. b. A customer service representative in an Indian call centre. c. A professional worker who bicycles to work and back. d. The chief executive officer (CEO) of a trucking company. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 45–46 BLM: Remember 17. Based on the work of Foucault, which of the following best describes how power operates in contemporary organizations? a. Managers participate in direct observation, standing behind workers to observe them. b. Workers realize that their peers and managers might be watching them at any time. c. Customer surveys carry more power than manager assessments of workers. d. New technologies are used to control the pace of work. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 47 BLM: Higher Order 18. Which of the following best describes Bourdieu’s term habitus? a. The social site where relationships are formed and individuals struggle over position and resources. b. The combination of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital that impact an individual’s position at work. c. The values and lifestyles that individuals acquire from belonging to certain social groups. d. The physical environment in which social groups interact. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 48–49 BLM: RememberTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 2 - 5 19. In his analysis of work and social inequality, Pierre Bourdieu emphasized which of the following arguments? a. An individual’s social background has little impact on his or her work prospects. b. The rules in work organizations are established by managers and owners. c. Relationships and networks serve as important resources for individuals at work. d. Workers are more likely to get ahead if they focus on acquiring just a single form of capital, rather than multiple forms. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 49 BLM: Higher Order 20. Which of the following statements is not part of Ulrich Beck’s conceptualization of “risk society?” a. An increase in flexible labour markets, including more part-time and temporary jobs. b. The erosion of social security programs, such as unemployment insurance, contributes to individualizing risk. c. Individuals in developed economies are experiencing less clarity and more insecurity in work and life than in the past. d. Multinational corporations are less risk-averse than they were a half-century ago. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 50 BLM: Higher Order Short Answer Questions 21. Outline the basic argument of the “logic of industrialism” thesis and, in a few sentences, explain why you think it is valid or not. REF: pp. 33–34 22. Explain Pierre Bourdieu’s multiple types of capital and give a work-related example for each. REF: pp. 48–49 23. Outline the relationship between interactive service work and emotional labour, and explain the different experiences of emotional labour in low- and high-skilled jobs. REF: pp. 44–45 24. Outline the basic characteristics of a postindustrial society and, in a few sentences, explain why Canada is or is not a postindustrial society. REF: pp. 24–25Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 2 - 6 Essay Questions 25. Globalization is a term that is frequently used without a specific definition. Based on your reading of Chapter 2, how would you define globalization? What are the multiple dimensions of globalization and how is the process of globalization impacting workers in Canada in the early 21st century? Suggested student response: Students should define the multiple aspects of globalization (economic, ideological, cultural, impact of information and communication technology) and discuss how particular policies (e.g., NAFTA, free trade agreements) have had diverse effects. In terms of the impacts for workers, students might discuss the creative class (Florida) and the polarization of good jobs/bad jobs in Canada, the growth of nonstandard work, and the erosion of the welfare state. 26. Imagine you are a historian living in the year 2115 and you are tasked to study the major socioeconomic changes that shaped work at the beginning of the 21st century. Outline the most important changes, and explain which you think had the largest impacts for society, as well as for the day-to-day experiences of work by individuals. Suggested student response: This question is quite open-ended. In terms of socioeconomic changes, students should define and outline industrial restructuring, deindustrialization, and neo-liberalism. Regarding impacts, students could point to the rise of interactive service work (and emotional labour), as well as mobile workers and mobile work, and other impacts they might identify. 27. Imagine that Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu were engaged in an argument about how power and inequality function in the workplace. What arguments and counterarguments might each thinker make? What examples might they draw on to support their arguments? Suggested student response: Students will need to outline the theories of Foucault and Bourdieu, addressing the concepts of surveillance, self-discipline (the metaphor of the Panopticon), and field, habitus, and capital. Students should compare how each author understands power, and provide an example of how using the work of Foucault and Bourdieu illuminates how inequality occurs in the workplace. 28. See Discussion Questions at the end of Chapter 2 for additional ideas for examination essay questions.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 3 - 1 Chapter 3: Canadian Employment Trends Multiple-Choice Questions Identify the choice that best answers the question. 1. Which of the following would most likely be true if you had entered the Canadian paid labour force in 1901 rather than 2011? a. You would have been more likely to work in the service sector. b. Your chances of becoming a manager would have been greater. c. Your sister would have been more likely to be joining you in the paid labour force. d. You probably would have found work in a smaller organization. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Chapters 2 & 3 BLM: Higher Order 2. From which of the following sources are monthly unemployment rates obtained? a. The national census. b. The Labour Force Survey. c. A monthly survey of employers, asking if they have had difficulty hiring workers. d. The National Household Survey. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 59 BLM: Remember 3. Which of the following is correct about the age distribution of Canada’s population? a. It has remained much the same for the past several decades. b. Over one-third of Canadians today are age 65 and older. c. The age profile of the working age population is not a good fit with the decisionmaking and authority structure of most work organizations. d. Immigrants tend to be older than Canadian-born citizens. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 60–64 BLM: Higher Order 4. Demographic studies in Canada highlight which of the following? a. Visible minorities now make up half of the population. b. Seniors (age 65 and older) now make up one-third of the population. c. For the past 25 years, the majority of immigrants to Canada have come from Asia. d. Canada’s Aboriginal population is as large as the visible minority population. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 63 BLM: Higher Order 5. Which of the following statements best exemplifies recent immigration trends in Canada? a. Compared to the 1990s, most immigrants come to Canada from African countries. b. The majority of immigrants now come from European countries.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 3 - 2 c. Immigration from Asian countries is contributing to greater workplace diversity. d. On average, immigrants are older than the Canadian population. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 63 BLM: Remember 6. Changes over the past several decades in Canada’s immigration trends can be best explained by which of the following? a. Increased global geographic mobility due to economic crises in Europe. b. The need for Canada to fill impending labour shortages. c. A shift to flexible systems of production and more part-time, temporary jobs in Canada. d. Much more “open” immigration policies in the United States. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 63 BLM: Higher Order 7. Which of the following statements most accurately describes educational attainment trends in the Canadian labour force? a. In 2012, there were more male workers than female workers with a university degree. b. In 1975, more than half of labour force participants had at least some postsecondary education. c. In 2012, over half of labour force participants had a university degree. d. In 1975, over half of labour force participants had a high-school education or less. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 65 BLM: Remember 8. Which of the following individuals would be excluded from the calculation of the labour force participation rate? a. Jonathan, who is 45 years old and unemployed. b. Mary, who is 70 years old and working part-time as a “greeter” at a large retail store. c. Elliot, who is 14 years old and working part-time at Burger King. d. Christine, who is 35 years old and self-employed as a daycare operator. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 67 BLM: Higher Order 9. Which of the following best describes recent labour force participation trends in Canada? a. Unemployment rates for Aboriginal Canadians are similar to the rest of the population. b. Labour force participation is equally distributed across age groups. c. Labour force participation is equally distributed across regions. d. Male labour force participation decreased in the 1990s. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 68 BLM: Higher OrderTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 3 - 3 10. Which of the following best describes changing gender differences in labour force participation (LFP) rates in Canada? a. Female LFP has risen over time but still lags behind male LFP. b. Men and women now have equal LFP rates. c. Female LFP in Canada is lower than in most other industrialized countries. d. Female LFP is now higher than male LFP. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 68 BLM: Remember 11. Youth labour force participation rates declined significantly in the 1990s. Which of the following is the best explanation for this decline? a. More young people enrolled in postsecondary education because of limited job prospects. b. A stronger economy allowed parents to support their children financially for a longer period of time. c. Larger proportions of young people found themselves underqualified for available jobs. d. Young people were becoming lazier and more apathetic in this period. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 71–72 BLM: Higher Order 12. Which of the following demographic shifts is having the biggest impact on the traditional “three-stage model of work life?” a. People who have retired from one career taking up part-time employment in another line of work. b. Young people working part-time while attending school. c. Immigrants saving money to sponsor family members to follow them to Canada. d. Women returning to the paid labour force after their children start school. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 73 BLM: Higher Order 13. Which of the following would most likely be true about Sarah, an 18-year-old Canadian university student? a. She is employed in the lower-tier services. b. She is employed in the upper-tier services. c. She is employed in the goods producing sector. d. She is likely working full-time. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 76–78 BLM: Remember 14. Which of the following jobs would be classified as being in the service industry? a. Medical doctor working in a large hospital. b. Tree-planter working for a forestry company.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 3 - 4 c. Secretary working in a construction company head office. d. Cook preparing meals for workers in a copper mine. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 78–79 BLM: Higher Order 15. What are the two dimensions on which occupations are categorized in Canada’s National Occupational Classification (NOC) system? a. Gender and industry. b. Skill level and organization size. c. Skill type and gender. d. Skill type and skill level. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 79 BLM: Remember 16. Joshua works part-time serving burgers at a local restaurant while working his way through college. Which of the following best describes the type of occupation Joshua is employed in? a. White-collar work. b. Temporary work. c. Pink-collar work. d. Upper-tier service-sector work. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 80 BLM: Remember 17. Which of the following statements best characterizes occupational trends in Canada over the past 25 years? a. Most service-sector workers are now employed in lower-tier service occupations. b. Blue-collar occupations have declined since the mid-1980s. c. Men and women are equally likely to work in blue-collar occupations. d. Men are more likely than women to be employed in health-related occupations. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pp. 81–82 BLM: Remember 18. The staple theory of economic growth, developed by Harold Innis, can be best described by which of the following propositions? a. Countries should develop one or two strategic resources for international trade. b. The development of staple products helps support multiple sectors of the economy. c. Regions or countries should develop staple products for domestic consumption. d. Dependence on one resource or product for export can makes regions or countries vulnerable in world markets. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 84 BLM: RememberTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 3 - 5 19. Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to regional industrial variations in Canada? a. Atlantic Canada employs more people in agriculture than in manufacturing. b. Alberta has the highest percentage of natural resource-based workers in Canada. c. Across all regions of Canada, the largest number of people work in retail trade. d. Ontario has a larger primary sector than service sector. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 84 BLM: Higher Order 20. Single industry communities in Canada are best characterized by which of the following generalizations? a. They are highly attractive to recent immigrants. b. They have a high risk of decline because of shifts in demand for natural resources. c. Until the past decade, they were of very little importance to Canada’s economy. d. Compared to other Canadian urban centres, they offer many more employment opportunities for women. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 85 BLM: Remember Short Answer Questions 21. In a few sentences, discuss how where you live in Canada impacts labour force participation rates as well as the types of jobs available (industry and occupation). REF: pp. 82–85 22. Briefly discuss how Canada’s industrial structure has changed over time. Which industries do you think will be most important to Canada in the 21st century? Why? REF: pp. 74–76 23. How do Canadian patterns of labour force participation vary by age, gender, and region? Briefly comment on explanations for these patterns. REF: pp. 67–72 24. In a few sentences, outline the main demographic factors that shape the Canadian workforce and explain why they are important. REF: pp. 60–66 (aging, education, immigration)Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 3 - 6 Essay Questions 25. In the past few decades, Canada has seen a dramatic expansion of the service sector. Describe this shift and discuss its implications for the distribution of occupations in Canada? How might an individual’s age and gender impact labour force participation in the changing service sector? Suggested student response: Students should define the service sector (upper- versus lowertiers) and describe how this fits with changing proportions of blue-collar, whitecollar, and pink-collar occupations. An overview of current gender and age labour force participation rates across sectors is required to answer the second part of this question. Speculation about future possible changes would add to the answer. 26. The demographics of the population indicate that Canada has an aging workforce. What will the workforce look like in 15 years? What are the implications of this trend for employers, workers, and the Canadian government? Suggested student response: Students should discuss the aging Canadian workforce and its implications for immigration trends. Students could discuss the impact of more visible minorities in the workplace for organizational and government policies. For individual workers, there are issues regarding discrimination in the workplace, lack of opportunities for job mobility, and skill/knowledge transfer. For the government, there are also issues about retirement ages and government-funded pensions. 27. Imagine you travelled 100 years back in time. What would the experience of work look like for an average Canadian male and female worker? Explain why it would presumably be so different. Suggested student response: This question is fairly open-ended. Students could discuss trends in industrial and occupational changes, labour force participation trends for men and women, and shifts in regional as well as urban/rural employment. 28. See Discussion Questions at the end of Chapter 3 for additional ideas for examination essay questions.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 4 - 1 Chapter 4: Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs Multiple-Choice Questions Identify the choice that best answers the question. 1. Which of the following is correct about job quality? a. There are universal standards of job quality. b. Pay is the sole indicator of what can be considered a “good job.” c. All nonstandard occupations can be considered “bad jobs.” d. Job quality is determined both by job characteristics and personal preferences. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 94–95 BLM: Higher Order 2. Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic job reward? a. Job satisfaction. b. Diversity in day-to-day tasks. c. Health benefits. d. Autonomy on the job. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 95 BLM: Remember 3. Which of the following is correct about the female–male earnings ratio in Canada? a. Women and men earn equal pay in most occupations. b. The gender wage gap has not declined over the past several decades. c. Female teachers and professors earn more than their male counterparts. d. Differences in the gender wage gap vary considerably across occupations. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 96–97 BLM: Remember 4. Which of the following best characterizes income differences across industries in Canada? a. On average, goods-producing industries pay less than service industries. b. Earnings in manufacturing are higher than in resource extraction. c. There is a large amount of variation in income within the service sector. d. Incomes in construction are among the highest in any industry. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 96 BLM: Higher Order 5. Which of the following is correct about the additional employment benefits received by Canadian workers? a. Full-time employees are two to three times more likely than part-time employees to receive additional employment benefits. b. The cost to employers of providing such benefits declined during the second half ofTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 4 - 2 the 20th century. c. Most employees have a dental plan, but only a small minority have pension plans. d. Employers often “even things out” by providing more benefits to lower paid workers. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 99–101 BLM: Higher Order 6. Which of the following is not an example of an “additional employment benefit?” a. Paid vacation. b. Sick leave. c. Life insurance. d. Performance pay. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 99 BLM: Remember 7. Which of the following best describes occupational differences in non-wage benefits in Canada? a. The majority of part-time and full-time workers have a pension plan. b. Professionals are more likely to have a group RRSP than marketing/sales workers. c. A similar percentage of nonunionized and unionized workers have access to life/disability insurance. d. The proportion of workers with medical insurance is similar across all occupations. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 101 BLM: Higher Order 8. Which of the following best characterizes occupational status? a. Occupations with better extrinsic rewards often have higher status. b. Occupational status is not related to income. c. Occupations requiring higher levels of skill always have higher status. d. Occupational status is synonymous with job security. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 102 BLM: Remember 9. According to Monica Boyd’s socioeconomic status (SES) scale, which of the following occupations would have the lowest score? a. Hairstylists. b. Doctors. c. Nannies. d. Receptionists. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 103 BLM: Remember 10. Which of the following is correct about nonstandard employment in Canada? a. Close to 60 percent of employed Canadians are now in nonstandard jobs. b. Self-employment rates have been declining steadily since the 1990s.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 4 - 3 c. Temporary (contract) work is the most common form of nonstandard work. d. For the past two decades, part-time employment rates have remained just below 20 percent. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 105 BLM: Higher Order 11. Which of the following is correct about part-time employment in Canada? a. Part-time employment rates have remained stable over the past few decades. b. There are more men than women working part-time in Canada. c. The part-time employment rate is higher for workers under the age of 25. d. Part-time employment for women 25 and over has increased dramatically in the past few decades. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 105–107 BLM: Remember 12. Approximately what proportion of employed Canadians worked part-time in 2012? a. About 5 percent. b. About 20 percent. c. About 40 percent. d. About 50 percent. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 107 BLM: Remember 13. The term involuntary part-time worker best describes which of the following? a. Workers who cannot find a full-time job. b. Individuals who prefer to work part-time. c. Individuals who have significant family responsibilities. d. Students who work part-time while in school. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 107–108 BLM: Remember 14. Which of the following is correct about self-employment in Canada? a. More people were self-employed in 2012 than in the mid-20th century. b. Self-employment in the secondary and service sectors has increased over the past few decades. c. There are more self-employed employers than own-account self-employed. d. Women are more likely to be self-employed than men. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 111 BLM: Remember 15. Which of the following is correct about the average number of hours worked per week in Canada today? a. Fewer employed Canadians are working part-time compared to several decades ago. b. Part-time employment rates declined during the recessions of 1981–82 and 1990–92. c. Compared to a decade or two ago, more Canadians are working part-time and moreTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 4 - 4 are also working more than 40 hours per week. d. The average number of hours worked per week declined until the 1950s, and then slowly increased again. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 113 BLM: Higher Order 16. Sally works part-time at a local farm while on her summer vacation from school. Which of the following does not describe her job? a. Nonstandard work. b. Limited-term contract work. c. Seasonal work. d. Temporary work. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 109 BLM: Higher Order 17. Which of the following groups are excluded from the official definition of unemployment? a. People not looking for work because they believe there are no jobs available. b. People receiving Employment Insurance (formerly Unemployment Insurance). c. The disabled who are actively looking for a job. d. Students who are actively looking for a part-time job. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 115–116 BLM: Higher Order 18. Which of the following is correct about Canadian unemployment trends? a. Unemployment rates in the past decade have generally been higher than they were in the 1980s and 1990s. b. Youth unemployment rates have been systematically higher than adult rates for the past few decades. c. There are few noteworthy regional differences in unemployment rates. d. Unemployment was higher in the 1980s than in any other decade in the past century. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pp. 117–118, 120–121 BLM: Higher Order 19. Lijuan has a Bachelor of Education degree. Over the past five years she has worked at several jobs including child-care worker, tutor, and nursery school teacher. She has also experienced several periods of unemployment between these jobs. Which of the following best describes Lijuan’s unemployment history? a. Structural unemployment. b. Cyclical unemployment. c. Frictional unemployment. d. Regional unemployment. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 123 BLM: Higher OrderTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 4 - 5 20. Which of the following best describes “cyclical unemployment”? a. The ongoing movement of workers in and out of jobs as they try to find employment that best fits their skills and aspirations. b. Unemployment rates rising during recessions and declining as the economy recovers. c. Unemployment rates rising due to increased levels of immigration. d. Unemployment rates rising because of changing work values. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 123 BLM: Remember Short Answer Questions 21. What is meant by the term nonstandard employment? In a few sentences explain the trends in nonstandard employment in Canada in recent years. REF: pp. 103–105 22. Briefly outline historical trends in self-employment in Canada. Distinguish between self-employed employers and own-account self-employment. REF: pp. 110–113 23. Briefly outline how unemployment rates vary by gender, age, and region in Canada. REF: pp. 119–122 Essay Questions 24. In recent years the topic of job quality has received increased public attention. Why is job quality important? How do we differentiate between “good” and “bad” jobs? How are they distributed across occupations and industries? What are the implications of job quality trends for employers and workers? Suggested student response: Students should operationalize job quality, distinguishing between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, and outlining occupation/industry differences with respect to income and additional employment benefits. A reference to the growth of nonstandard work would be useful, particularly when thinking about the implications of changing job quality for workers. 25. Based on what you have read in Chapter 4, describe how the types of jobs a Canadian might have expected to obtain have changed over the course of the 20th century. How have the chances of being jobless changed over this time?Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 4 - 6 Suggested student response: This question is fairly open-ended and students could go in a number of different directions. However, a good answer should reference occupation/industry shifts and changing work arrangements (e.g., part-time, temporary, self-employment). Students should also discuss how unemployment rates vary. They might go further to discuss differences in employment and unemployment opportunities by region, age, and gender, and how they may have changed. 26. Based on the trends you have read about in Chapters 3 and 4, describe what you see as the most pressing issues facing Canadian employers and workers for the next few decades to come? Suggested student response: Answers to this question may vary. Good answers might discuss growing economic disparities and inequalities in the labour market. Students could discuss demographic factors (e.g., aging workforce, increased diversity), nonstandard work, and the expansion of the service sector, as well as how these changes might be experienced differently by individuals depending on their gender, race, age, and geographic location. 27. See Discussion Questions at the end of Chapter 4 for additional ideas for examination essay questions.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 5 - 1 Chapter 5: Labour Markets: Opportunities and Inequality Multiple-Choice Questions Identify the choice that best answers the question. 1. Which of the following is most correct about labour markets? a. Workers seek employers who offer the highest pay. b. Employers place little emphasis on the experience and skills of potential workers. c. Workers look to sell their labour to employers who need certain skills and experience. d. All workers have equal access to the primary labour market. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 134 BLM: Remember 2. Which of the following is a basic assumption of human capital theory? a. Investment in human capital pays off only for certain groups of workers. b. Jobs with the highest rewards make the biggest economic contribution to society. c. Only employers and workers are involved in the labour market, but not government. d. Workers compete for jobs in two segregated labour markets. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 135 BLM: Remember 3. After two years of being unable to find work as a journalist, Abdul went back to school and began an engineering degree. Upon graduating, he quickly found a highpaying and rewarding job in the field. Which of the following best accounts for Abdul’s successful experience? a. Human capital theory. b. Bourdieu’s conception of social capital. c. Labour market segmentation theory. d. Gender-role socialization. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 135 BLM: Higher Order 4. Which of the following have been demonstrated by studies of educational opportunity in Canada? a. Men are more likely than women to pursue higher education. b. Youth from high-income families are more likely to attend university. c. The educational attainment of parents has little impact on the university participation of their children. d. In general, rural youth are as likely to participate in university education than urban youth. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: pp. 138–140 BLM: Higher OrderTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 5 - 2 5. Which of the following is most correct about Krahn’s (2009) findings on family socioeconomic status (SES) and higher education? a. SES differences in postsecondary educational attainment were significant. b. SES had little impact on higher education attainment. c. Young people have similar educational aspirations regardless of their family SES. d. Over time, the SES gap in access to higher education has widened. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 140 BLM: Remember 6. Which of the following is the best example of how cultural capital operates in the education system? a. Family socioeconomic status has little impact on the cultural capital that students bring to school. b. Schools are neutral institutions where cultural capital has little impact. c. Cultural capital is acquired by students in school. d. Typically, schools reward the language, beliefs, and behaviours of the more powerful groups in society. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 141–142 BLM: Remember 7. Which of the following is correct about Pierre Bourdieu’s discussion of “cultural capital?” a. It suggests that industrial capitalism will not be successful in some cultures. b. It extends human capital theory to make it more applicable to different cultures. c. It provided Durkheim with many of his ideas about the division of labour. d. It helps explain why children from more affluent families do better in school. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 141–142 BLM: Higher Order 8. Which of the following have been demonstrated by status attainment research? a. The amount of education individuals possess has little impact on the status of the jobs they hold later in life. b. Canadian society is a meritocracy. c. Women are less likely than men to translate their educational attainment into higher paying jobs. d. Immigrants experience the same upward job mobility as Canadian-born workers, as long as they have similar education levels. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 142–144 BLM: Higher OrderTest Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 5 - 3 9. After graduating from university, Sadia travelled abroad with her friend Joan for a year. When she came back to Canada, Sadia quickly accepted a well-paying job at Joan’s father’s company. Which of the following best describes Sadia’s labour market opportunity? a. Economic capital. b. Cultural capital. c. Human capital. d. Social capital. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 143 BLM: Higher Order 10. Which of the following is a central principle of labour market segmentation theory? a. Labour market outcomes are almost always meritorious. b. There is no single, open labour market in any economy. c. Education is really the only factor that matters in determining who gets better jobs. d. Globalization has led to better jobs disappearing in western industrialized economies. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 144 BLM: Higher Order 11. Which of the following is a central principle of the dual economy perspective on labour markets? a. Capitalist economies are dominated by a few large and powerful companies. b. The service sector and primary sector are most important to the economy. c. The periphery sector is comprised of a few large companies. d. The secondary labour market is found in the core sector. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 145 BLM: Remember 12. Which of the following terms best describes the well-developed training systems and career paths for employees found within major private- and public-sector work organizations? a. Primary labour market. b. Bureaucratic job ghetto. c. Professional enclave. d. Internal labour market. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 147 BLM: Remember 13. Randall Collins’s term market closure best describes which of the following? a. The extent to which professional groups can create their own market for their services. b. The barrier between the primary and secondary labour markets.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 5 - 4 c. The ability of professional groups to restrict others from doing their type of work. d. The economic activity that halts once stock markets close. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 148–149 BLM: Remember 14. Which of the following characteristics might allow an occupational group to begin calling itself a profession? a. Strategies and mechanism for controlling who can and cannot work in the field. b. Training requirements that include at least some postsecondary education. c. Enough members to represent at least 10 percent of the workforce. d. Members practising in a wide range of different countries. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 148–149 BLM: Higher Order 15. Which of the following have been demonstrated by studies of the labour market experiences of immigrants to Canada? a. On average, immigrants to Canada have less education than Canadian-born workers. b. The educational credentials of immigrants are highly valued in Canada. c. Compared to several decades ago, it is taking immigrants longer to “catch up” with Canadian-born workers with equivalent education. d. Female immigrants are having greater difficulty finding satisfactory employment in Canada, but this is not the case for male immigrants. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 153 BLM: Higher Order 16. In 2006, about 10 percent of native-born Canadians with university degrees were working in sales and services jobs with low education requirements. Which of the following is correct with respect to recently immigrated women with degrees working in sales and service in 2006? a. About 10 percent worked in these jobs. b. About 40 percent worked in these jobs. c. About 80 percent worked in these jobs. d. About 15 percent worked in these jobs. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 153 BLM: Remember 17. Which of the following is correct about the labour force participation of Aboriginal Canadians? a. In general, their employment and unemployment rates are comparable to nonAboriginal Canadians. b. Aboriginal Canadians who live in urban centres do not experience discrimination and prejudice among employers.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 5 - 5 c. Geographic location limits access to good jobs for many Aboriginal Canadians. d. On average, Aboriginal Canadians are as likely as other Canadians to have acquired credentials that translate into better jobs. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 155–157 BLM: Higher Order 18. Which of the following is most correct about labour market segmentation? a. It may be taking a different form as the labour market becomes more polarized. b. It has been declining since the 1980s when corporate downsizing became popular. c. It occurs mainly because of inadequate skills and training among Canadian workers. d. It can only be reduced by further investments in human capital by individual workers. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: pp. 160–162 BLM: Higher Order 19. Which of the following best exemplifies current patterns of labour market polarization? a. An increase in highly skilled temporary foreign workers. b. Emergence of a knowledge economy with more “creative” work. c. Shrinking of the primary labour market. d. Downsizing of the goods-producing sector. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 160–162 BLM: Remember 20. The prevalence of “underemployment” in the Canadian workplace demonstrates which of the following? a. Workers are choosing to take jobs that don’t utilize their skills and education. b. Workers should continue to invest in their human capital. c. There is a shortage of skilled labour. d. There may be a shortage of “good” jobs available. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: pp. 165–166 BLM: Remember Short Answer Questions 21. Briefly define cultural capital, with a few examples. How does it relate to socioeconomic status? REF: pp. 140–142 22. In a few sentences, outline the dual economies perspective on labour markets. Provide examples of occupations found in the core and periphery sectors. REF: pp. 145–146Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 5 - 6 23. In a few sentences, outline the labour market situation of Aboriginal Canadians. Suggest some reasons for any differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians you might describe. REF: pp. 155–157 24. In general, what are the labour market experiences of people with disabilities in Canada, compared to the rest of the population? REF: pp. 157–158 Essay Questions 25. What is labour market segmentation? Which groups of workers are most negatively affected by such segmentation? What can be done to reverse the trend toward greater labour market polarization? Suggested student response: Students should outline labour market segmentation theory (e.g., the implications of having a primary and secondary labour market, barriers between the two markets). With respect to access, students may touch on the role of labour market shelters, internal labour markets, and unions. A good response should highlight the difficulty that women and visible minorities have had accessing “good” primary labour market jobs. In terms of reversing the trend toward greater labour market polarization, students may outline the role of public policy (particularly involving education), anti-discrimination laws, and unions (pp. 164–166). 26. Julie is a 30-year-old first-generation Filipina Canadian. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from a well-respected university, yet has recently been forced to take a barista job at a local café. Use the human capital and labour market segmentation theories to analyze Julie’s labour market position. Which perspective do you find more convincing? Why? Suggested student response: Students should compare and contrast the basic tenets of human capital and labour market segmentation theories and apply them to this case study. A human capital perspective would suggest that Julie needs to go back to school and further invest in human capital, while a labour market segmentation approach would highlight the growth of the secondary labour market (particularly lower-tier services), and barriers to movement into primary labour markets. The gendered nature of labour market segmentation is also important to discuss. 27. As noted in Chapter 3, Canada’s population is becoming increasingly diverse. With immigrants now coming to Canada from many different countries, how is access to primary labour market jobs being affected? What issues does this trend toward greater population diversity create for employers, the government, and workers themselves?Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 5 - 7 Suggested student response: Students should outline the differences between the primary and secondary labour markets, and address the challenges that recent immigrants and visible minorities experience when trying to access primary labour market jobs (pp. 153–154). Students may discuss discrimination and systemic discrimination, as well as the potential roles of education, employment equity policies, and antidiscrimination laws to improve the market experiences of these individuals. 28. See Discussion Questions at the end of Chapter 5 for additional ideas for examination essay questions.Test Bank to Accompany Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7e Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 6 - 1 Chapter 6: Gender and Paid Employment Multiple-Choice Questions Identify the choice that best answers the question. 1. Marjorie Cohen’s analysis of the Ontario economy in the 19th century demonstrates which of the following? a. Women’s household labour had no economic value. b. The household was crucial to economic development. c. Women’s household labour was highly valued at the time. d. There has always been a cl