Hedendaagse stromingen
in de communicatiewetenschap
Carolin Fret
,Inhoudsopgave
0 Inleidende les ....................................................................................................................... 7
0.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................... 7
0.2 Structuur ................................................................................................................................ 11
1 Algemene situering: maatschappelijke rol van media en communicatie ................................ 19
1.1 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................... 19
1.1.1 Object vs subject ........................................................................................................... 19
1.1.2 Maatschappij- vs mediacentrisch .................................................................................. 20
1.1.3 Centrifugaal vs centripetaal........................................................................................... 21
1.1.4 Objectivisme vs subjectivisme ....................................................................................... 23
1.1.5 Materialisme vs culturalisme ........................................................................................ 23
1.1.6 Pluralistische vs dominante media (Media, macht en ongelijkheid) ............................ 24
1.1.7 Consensus- vs conflictmodel (Media, macht en ongelijkheid) ...................................... 24
1.1.8 Pluralistisch consensusmodel (functionalisme) vs kritische conflictbenadering .......... 25
1.2 Mediamacht?......................................................................................................................... 28
1.3 stroming: Effectstudies.......................................................................................................... 29
1.4 Kritische theorie (Christian Fuchs) ........................................................................................ 33
1.4.1 Kritische theorie ............................................................................................................ 33
1.4.2 Literatuur ....................................................................................................................... 35
1.5 ARTIKEL: ................................................................................................................................. 36
1.5.1 Bespreking: .................................................................................................................... 36
1.5.2 Kritiek: ........................................................................................................................... 38
1.5.3 Discussie na presentaties: ............................................................................................. 39
2 Media en nationale identiteit .............................................................................................. 41
2.1 Situering ................................................................................................................................ 41
2.2 Cases ...................................................................................................................................... 50
2.2.1 Cases: 1) publieke omroep ............................................................................................ 50
2.2.2 Cases: 2) sport ............................................................................................................... 51
2.2.3 Cases: 3) Monarchie ...................................................................................................... 54
2.2.4 Cases: 4) buitenland ...................................................................................................... 54
2.2.5 Cases: 5) liefdadigheidshows: Music for Life................................................................. 56
2.2.6 Case 6: Vlaams-nationalisme......................................................................................... 56
2.3 ARTIKEL: Wardle & West ....................................................................................................... 57
2.3.1 Bespreking ..................................................................................................................... 57
1
, 2.3.2 Kritiek............................................................................................................................. 59
2.3.3 Discussie tijdens de les: ................................................................................................. 61
3 Politieke economie ............................................................................................................. 63
3.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 64
3.2 Wat is kritische politieke economie? .................................................................................... 67
3.3 Concepten & argumenten ..................................................................................................... 68
3.4 Onderzoek ............................................................................................................................. 70
3.4.1 Algemeen....................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.2 3 typische niveaus van onderzoek................................................................................. 71
3.5 Invloed op journalistieke proces ........................................................................................... 73
3.6 Cases ...................................................................................................................................... 77
3.6.1 Case 1: ruilwaarde > gebruikswaarde ........................................................................... 77
3.6.2 Case 2: economische crisis 2008 ................................................................................... 78
3.6.3 Case 3: mediaconcentratie ............................................................................................ 78
3.6.4 Case 4: Mediaconcentratie & mediamagnaten ............................................................. 80
3.6.5 Case 5: Pluralisme in de pers ......................................................................................... 81
3.6.6 Case 6: Het echte nieuws? ............................................................................................ 81
3.7 ARTIKEL: Graham Murdock ................................................................................................... 85
3.7.1 Bespreking ..................................................................................................................... 85
3.7.2 Kritiek............................................................................................................................. 89
4 Cultural studies ................................................................................................................... 92
4.1 Cultural Studies: Algemeen ................................................................................................. 100
4.2 Historiek Cultural Studies .................................................................................................... 101
4.2.1 Stuart Hall .................................................................................................................... 104
4.2.2 Gramsci: hegemonie.................................................................................................... 105
4.2.3 Post-Marxisme: Laclau & Mouffe ................................................................................ 106
4.3 Concepten & methoden ...................................................................................................... 107
4.4 Kritieken .............................................................................................................................. 109
4.5 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 110
4.6 ARTIKEL: De Solier ............................................................................................................... 113
4.6.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 114
4.6.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 116
5 Media en wetenschap ........................................................................................................119
5.1 Gastcollege .......................................................................................................................... 119
2
, 5.2 Klimaat als politieke kweste ................................................................................................ 119
5.2.1 Resultaat van machtsverhoudingen ............................................................................ 119
5.2.2 vergroot ongelijkheid .................................................................................................. 120
5.2.3 contingent ................................................................................................................... 120
5.2.4 bron van conflict .......................................................................................................... 120
5.2.5 Depolitisering .............................................................................................................. 122
5.2.6 Politisering: .................................................................................................................. 123
5.3 De rol van de media............................................................................................................. 124
5.4 Doctoraat gastspreker ......................................................................................................... 126
5.4.1 Conclusie ..................................................................................................................... 130
5.5 Tussen beeldvorming en betrokkenheid ............................................................................. 130
5.6 Klimaatbeleving burgers ...................................................................................................... 131
5.6.1 Depolitiserend alledaags denken ................................................................................ 131
5.6.2 Politiserend burgerschap............................................................................................. 131
5.6.3 Conclusie ..................................................................................................................... 132
5.7 Wat te doen? ....................................................................................................................... 132
5.7.1 herpolitisering: agitate ................................................................................................ 132
5.7.2 herpolitisering: educate .............................................................................................. 133
5.7.3 herpolitisering: organize.............................................................................................. 133
5.8 ARTIKEL: Ideological cultures and media on scientific knowledge ..................................... 134
5.8.1 Bespreking: .................................................................................................................. 134
5.8.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 136
5.8.3 Nabespreking door prof .............................................................................................. 136
6 Alternatieve media ............................................................................................................138
6.1 Situering in het veld............................................................................................................. 138
6.2 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 139
6.3 Theorie & concepten ........................................................................................................... 140
6.3.1 Algemene ontstaansgeschiedenis: .............................................................................. 141
6.3.2 4 theoretische benaderingen ...................................................................................... 141
6.4 Internet ................................................................................................................................ 146
6.5 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 149
6.6 Cases .................................................................................................................................... 152
6.6.1 Case: Alternatieve media in Vlaanderen en Nederland .............................................. 152
6.6.2 Case : DeWereldMorgen ............................................................................................. 153
3
, 6.6.3 Case: de representatie van stakingen in traditionele en alternatieve media ............. 155
6.7 Paper: Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic ................................................... 159
6.7.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 159
6.7.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 160
6.7.3 Nabespreking tijdens de les: ....................................................................................... 161
7 Political entertainment I: non-fictie ....................................................................................162
7.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 162
7.2 Televisie en de publieke sfeer ............................................................................................. 164
7.3 Politicotainment: satire ....................................................................................................... 166
7.4 Cases .................................................................................................................................... 169
7.4.1 Case: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ....................................................................... 169
7.4.2 Case: Satire in Vlaanderen........................................................................................... 171
7.5 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 173
7.6 Paper: Fake news vr real news as sources of political information .................................... 174
7.6.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 174
7.6.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 177
8 Political entertainment II: fictie ..........................................................................................183
8.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 183
8.2 Televisie en publieke sfeer .................................................................................................. 184
8.3 Democratische betekenis entertainment ........................................................................... 184
8.3.1 Waarden ...................................................................................................................... 184
8.3.2 Sociale identiteiten ...................................................................................................... 185
8.3.3 Cognitieve mappen...................................................................................................... 186
8.3.4 Publieke normen ......................................................................................................... 187
8.4 Sociologische verbeelding ................................................................................................... 187
8.5 The Wire .............................................................................................................................. 188
8.6 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 194
8.7 Paper: Roger Sabin (Journalism Studies, 2011) .................................................................. 195
8.7.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 195
8.7.2 Kritiek: ......................................................................................................................... 199
8.7.3 Nabespreking:.............................................................................................................. 200
9 Fandom .............................................................................................................................201
9.1 Alternatieve publieksbenaderingen .................................................................................... 202
9.2 Fandom ................................................................................................................................ 205
4
, 9.3 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 207
9.4 Paper: Darling-Wolf (New Media & Society, 2004) ............................................................. 208
9.4.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 208
9.4.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 211
9.4.3 Bespreking door de prof: ............................................................................................. 212
10 Herhalingsles 18/12 ...........................................................................................................213
10.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 215
10.1.1 VISBOKAAL ................................................................................................................... 216
10.1.2 Bespreking van stormingen ......................................................................................... 218
10.1.3 Paper : Fuchs & Sandoval (2008) ................................................................................. 222
10.2 Media en nationale identiteit .............................................................................................. 222
10.2.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 222
10.2.2 Paper : Wardle & West (2008) .................................................................................... 224
10.3 Politieke economie .............................................................................................................. 225
10.3.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 225
10.3.2 Paper: Murdock(2004) ................................................................................................ 228
10.4 Cultural Studies ................................................................................................................... 229
10.4.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 229
10.4.2 Paper De Solier (2004) ................................................................................................ 231
10.5 Alternatieve media .............................................................................................................. 231
10.5.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 231
10.5.2 Paper Dahlberg (2007)................................................................................................. 233
10.6 Media en wetenschap ......................................................................................................... 234
10.6.1 Gastcollege .................................................................................................................. 234
10.6.2 Paper Carvalho (2007) ................................................................................................. 236
10.7 Political entertainment non-fictie ....................................................................................... 237
10.7.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 237
10.7.2 Paper Jones (2007) ...................................................................................................... 238
10.8 Televisie (als) fictie .............................................................................................................. 239
10.8.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 239
10.8.2 Paper : Sabin(2011) ..................................................................................................... 240
10.9 Fandom ................................................................................................................................ 241
10.9.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 241
10.9.2 Paper Darling-Wolf (2004)........................................................................................... 242
5
,6
, 0 Inleidende les
0.1 Inleiding
Maatschappelijke context:
2 belangrijke gebeurtenissen:
• Vluchtelingencrisis
• Griekse crisis
Hebben zekerheid van samenwerkingsverband Europa doen wankelen
Kleine documentaire Griekenland:
• Verkiezing van de Griekse president: Alexis Tsipras
• Minister van financiën in Griekenland
• 6 maanden voor het referendum: Griekenland komt in opstand
tegen Europa.
• Voorstelling in onze media: boosdoeners, ze willen niet
meewerken. Griekenland overleeft op leningen en daar hangen
voorwaarden aan vast. Vragen over in welke mate lenend land
mag meebeslissen over regels van leningen.
• referendum over nieuwe eisen van leningen referendum zegt
neen
Regering is opnieuw gaan onderhandelen tot 12 juli: Griekenland krijgt
nieuwe voorwaarden
Belangrijk: hoe gaat Europa om met botsende crisis?
• België en Nederland bezuinigen: neo - liberalisme
• Dominante ideologie in het Westen Griekenland heeft regering
gekozen die anders wou reageren op crisis. Europa wou dit niet.
• Wat is dan liberalisme en democratie?
Belangrijk: beeldvorming , in welke mate zijn er verschillende waarden en normen en hoe
komen deze naar voren
7
in de communicatiewetenschap
Carolin Fret
,Inhoudsopgave
0 Inleidende les ....................................................................................................................... 7
0.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................... 7
0.2 Structuur ................................................................................................................................ 11
1 Algemene situering: maatschappelijke rol van media en communicatie ................................ 19
1.1 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................... 19
1.1.1 Object vs subject ........................................................................................................... 19
1.1.2 Maatschappij- vs mediacentrisch .................................................................................. 20
1.1.3 Centrifugaal vs centripetaal........................................................................................... 21
1.1.4 Objectivisme vs subjectivisme ....................................................................................... 23
1.1.5 Materialisme vs culturalisme ........................................................................................ 23
1.1.6 Pluralistische vs dominante media (Media, macht en ongelijkheid) ............................ 24
1.1.7 Consensus- vs conflictmodel (Media, macht en ongelijkheid) ...................................... 24
1.1.8 Pluralistisch consensusmodel (functionalisme) vs kritische conflictbenadering .......... 25
1.2 Mediamacht?......................................................................................................................... 28
1.3 stroming: Effectstudies.......................................................................................................... 29
1.4 Kritische theorie (Christian Fuchs) ........................................................................................ 33
1.4.1 Kritische theorie ............................................................................................................ 33
1.4.2 Literatuur ....................................................................................................................... 35
1.5 ARTIKEL: ................................................................................................................................. 36
1.5.1 Bespreking: .................................................................................................................... 36
1.5.2 Kritiek: ........................................................................................................................... 38
1.5.3 Discussie na presentaties: ............................................................................................. 39
2 Media en nationale identiteit .............................................................................................. 41
2.1 Situering ................................................................................................................................ 41
2.2 Cases ...................................................................................................................................... 50
2.2.1 Cases: 1) publieke omroep ............................................................................................ 50
2.2.2 Cases: 2) sport ............................................................................................................... 51
2.2.3 Cases: 3) Monarchie ...................................................................................................... 54
2.2.4 Cases: 4) buitenland ...................................................................................................... 54
2.2.5 Cases: 5) liefdadigheidshows: Music for Life................................................................. 56
2.2.6 Case 6: Vlaams-nationalisme......................................................................................... 56
2.3 ARTIKEL: Wardle & West ....................................................................................................... 57
2.3.1 Bespreking ..................................................................................................................... 57
1
, 2.3.2 Kritiek............................................................................................................................. 59
2.3.3 Discussie tijdens de les: ................................................................................................. 61
3 Politieke economie ............................................................................................................. 63
3.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 64
3.2 Wat is kritische politieke economie? .................................................................................... 67
3.3 Concepten & argumenten ..................................................................................................... 68
3.4 Onderzoek ............................................................................................................................. 70
3.4.1 Algemeen....................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.2 3 typische niveaus van onderzoek................................................................................. 71
3.5 Invloed op journalistieke proces ........................................................................................... 73
3.6 Cases ...................................................................................................................................... 77
3.6.1 Case 1: ruilwaarde > gebruikswaarde ........................................................................... 77
3.6.2 Case 2: economische crisis 2008 ................................................................................... 78
3.6.3 Case 3: mediaconcentratie ............................................................................................ 78
3.6.4 Case 4: Mediaconcentratie & mediamagnaten ............................................................. 80
3.6.5 Case 5: Pluralisme in de pers ......................................................................................... 81
3.6.6 Case 6: Het echte nieuws? ............................................................................................ 81
3.7 ARTIKEL: Graham Murdock ................................................................................................... 85
3.7.1 Bespreking ..................................................................................................................... 85
3.7.2 Kritiek............................................................................................................................. 89
4 Cultural studies ................................................................................................................... 92
4.1 Cultural Studies: Algemeen ................................................................................................. 100
4.2 Historiek Cultural Studies .................................................................................................... 101
4.2.1 Stuart Hall .................................................................................................................... 104
4.2.2 Gramsci: hegemonie.................................................................................................... 105
4.2.3 Post-Marxisme: Laclau & Mouffe ................................................................................ 106
4.3 Concepten & methoden ...................................................................................................... 107
4.4 Kritieken .............................................................................................................................. 109
4.5 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 110
4.6 ARTIKEL: De Solier ............................................................................................................... 113
4.6.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 114
4.6.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 116
5 Media en wetenschap ........................................................................................................119
5.1 Gastcollege .......................................................................................................................... 119
2
, 5.2 Klimaat als politieke kweste ................................................................................................ 119
5.2.1 Resultaat van machtsverhoudingen ............................................................................ 119
5.2.2 vergroot ongelijkheid .................................................................................................. 120
5.2.3 contingent ................................................................................................................... 120
5.2.4 bron van conflict .......................................................................................................... 120
5.2.5 Depolitisering .............................................................................................................. 122
5.2.6 Politisering: .................................................................................................................. 123
5.3 De rol van de media............................................................................................................. 124
5.4 Doctoraat gastspreker ......................................................................................................... 126
5.4.1 Conclusie ..................................................................................................................... 130
5.5 Tussen beeldvorming en betrokkenheid ............................................................................. 130
5.6 Klimaatbeleving burgers ...................................................................................................... 131
5.6.1 Depolitiserend alledaags denken ................................................................................ 131
5.6.2 Politiserend burgerschap............................................................................................. 131
5.6.3 Conclusie ..................................................................................................................... 132
5.7 Wat te doen? ....................................................................................................................... 132
5.7.1 herpolitisering: agitate ................................................................................................ 132
5.7.2 herpolitisering: educate .............................................................................................. 133
5.7.3 herpolitisering: organize.............................................................................................. 133
5.8 ARTIKEL: Ideological cultures and media on scientific knowledge ..................................... 134
5.8.1 Bespreking: .................................................................................................................. 134
5.8.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 136
5.8.3 Nabespreking door prof .............................................................................................. 136
6 Alternatieve media ............................................................................................................138
6.1 Situering in het veld............................................................................................................. 138
6.2 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 139
6.3 Theorie & concepten ........................................................................................................... 140
6.3.1 Algemene ontstaansgeschiedenis: .............................................................................. 141
6.3.2 4 theoretische benaderingen ...................................................................................... 141
6.4 Internet ................................................................................................................................ 146
6.5 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 149
6.6 Cases .................................................................................................................................... 152
6.6.1 Case: Alternatieve media in Vlaanderen en Nederland .............................................. 152
6.6.2 Case : DeWereldMorgen ............................................................................................. 153
3
, 6.6.3 Case: de representatie van stakingen in traditionele en alternatieve media ............. 155
6.7 Paper: Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic ................................................... 159
6.7.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 159
6.7.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 160
6.7.3 Nabespreking tijdens de les: ....................................................................................... 161
7 Political entertainment I: non-fictie ....................................................................................162
7.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 162
7.2 Televisie en de publieke sfeer ............................................................................................. 164
7.3 Politicotainment: satire ....................................................................................................... 166
7.4 Cases .................................................................................................................................... 169
7.4.1 Case: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ....................................................................... 169
7.4.2 Case: Satire in Vlaanderen........................................................................................... 171
7.5 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 173
7.6 Paper: Fake news vr real news as sources of political information .................................... 174
7.6.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 174
7.6.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 177
8 Political entertainment II: fictie ..........................................................................................183
8.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 183
8.2 Televisie en publieke sfeer .................................................................................................. 184
8.3 Democratische betekenis entertainment ........................................................................... 184
8.3.1 Waarden ...................................................................................................................... 184
8.3.2 Sociale identiteiten ...................................................................................................... 185
8.3.3 Cognitieve mappen...................................................................................................... 186
8.3.4 Publieke normen ......................................................................................................... 187
8.4 Sociologische verbeelding ................................................................................................... 187
8.5 The Wire .............................................................................................................................. 188
8.6 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 194
8.7 Paper: Roger Sabin (Journalism Studies, 2011) .................................................................. 195
8.7.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 195
8.7.2 Kritiek: ......................................................................................................................... 199
8.7.3 Nabespreking:.............................................................................................................. 200
9 Fandom .............................................................................................................................201
9.1 Alternatieve publieksbenaderingen .................................................................................... 202
9.2 Fandom ................................................................................................................................ 205
4
, 9.3 Spanningsvelden.................................................................................................................. 207
9.4 Paper: Darling-Wolf (New Media & Society, 2004) ............................................................. 208
9.4.1 Bespreking ................................................................................................................... 208
9.4.2 Kritiek........................................................................................................................... 211
9.4.3 Bespreking door de prof: ............................................................................................. 212
10 Herhalingsles 18/12 ...........................................................................................................213
10.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 215
10.1.1 VISBOKAAL ................................................................................................................... 216
10.1.2 Bespreking van stormingen ......................................................................................... 218
10.1.3 Paper : Fuchs & Sandoval (2008) ................................................................................. 222
10.2 Media en nationale identiteit .............................................................................................. 222
10.2.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 222
10.2.2 Paper : Wardle & West (2008) .................................................................................... 224
10.3 Politieke economie .............................................................................................................. 225
10.3.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 225
10.3.2 Paper: Murdock(2004) ................................................................................................ 228
10.4 Cultural Studies ................................................................................................................... 229
10.4.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 229
10.4.2 Paper De Solier (2004) ................................................................................................ 231
10.5 Alternatieve media .............................................................................................................. 231
10.5.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 231
10.5.2 Paper Dahlberg (2007)................................................................................................. 233
10.6 Media en wetenschap ......................................................................................................... 234
10.6.1 Gastcollege .................................................................................................................. 234
10.6.2 Paper Carvalho (2007) ................................................................................................. 236
10.7 Political entertainment non-fictie ....................................................................................... 237
10.7.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 237
10.7.2 Paper Jones (2007) ...................................................................................................... 238
10.8 Televisie (als) fictie .............................................................................................................. 239
10.8.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 239
10.8.2 Paper : Sabin(2011) ..................................................................................................... 240
10.9 Fandom ................................................................................................................................ 241
10.9.1 Theorie......................................................................................................................... 241
10.9.2 Paper Darling-Wolf (2004)........................................................................................... 242
5
,6
, 0 Inleidende les
0.1 Inleiding
Maatschappelijke context:
2 belangrijke gebeurtenissen:
• Vluchtelingencrisis
• Griekse crisis
Hebben zekerheid van samenwerkingsverband Europa doen wankelen
Kleine documentaire Griekenland:
• Verkiezing van de Griekse president: Alexis Tsipras
• Minister van financiën in Griekenland
• 6 maanden voor het referendum: Griekenland komt in opstand
tegen Europa.
• Voorstelling in onze media: boosdoeners, ze willen niet
meewerken. Griekenland overleeft op leningen en daar hangen
voorwaarden aan vast. Vragen over in welke mate lenend land
mag meebeslissen over regels van leningen.
• referendum over nieuwe eisen van leningen referendum zegt
neen
Regering is opnieuw gaan onderhandelen tot 12 juli: Griekenland krijgt
nieuwe voorwaarden
Belangrijk: hoe gaat Europa om met botsende crisis?
• België en Nederland bezuinigen: neo - liberalisme
• Dominante ideologie in het Westen Griekenland heeft regering
gekozen die anders wou reageren op crisis. Europa wou dit niet.
• Wat is dan liberalisme en democratie?
Belangrijk: beeldvorming , in welke mate zijn er verschillende waarden en normen en hoe
komen deze naar voren
7
