Psychology studies by topic
Social influence
Milgram - 40 US men, became teacher. Instructed by an authority figure to give shocks from
different rooms. All went to 300V, 65% reached 450V (maximum).
Beauvois et al - Game show (Game of Death) replicated Milgram. 80% Ps delivered 450V
to ‘unconscious’ man
Sheridan and King - All Ps gave shock to puppy, 54% men and 100% women gave ‘fatal’
shock
Orne and Holland - Argued Ps play acted as didn’t believe the set up
Perry - Found ⅔ Milgram’s Ps disobedient and only ½ believed that the shocks were real
Bickman - Dressed confederates in uniform, found public 2x more likely to listen to security
guard than man in tie and jacket (uniform importance)
Meeus and Raaijmakers - Found 90% obeyed when ordered to see stressful things
Smith and Bond - Analysis found only 2 replications 68-85 from cultures different to USA so
lack of generalizability
Rank and Jacobsen - Found 16/18 nurses disobeyed doctor when asked despite doctor
being higher authority figure
Kilham and Mann - Found that 16% Australian women went to 450V on Milgram replication
Mantell - Found that 85% German participants went to 450V on Milgram replication
Adorno et al - Studied 2000+ whites using F scale, found those with authoritarian leanings
had high status consciousness cand showed extreme respect for authority
Elms and Milgram - Found obedient participants scoring higher on F scale were much
different to lower scoring group and similar to authoritarianism
Asch - 123 American males in group of confederates on line length task, found more
conforming if everyone else did, less if there was a dissenter
Albrecht et al - Found smoking program social support made much less likely to smoke
than those without social support
Gamson et al - High levels of resistance due to fact groups were made so discussions could
be had, 88% groups rebelled
Rotter - Proposed the idea of the locus of control and internal vs external
Holland - Repeated Milgram and measured LOC, found 37% internals did not continue but
23% externals did not continue
Twenge et al - analysed LOC data which showed people became more resistant but more
external which is contradictory
Moscovici et al - Found consistent minority opinion had greater effect
Wood et al - Found minorities seen as consistent were the most influential
Martin et al - Found there were clear distinctions from minority influence but much more
complex in real world than in labs
, Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin - Created the multi store model of memory to explain how memory
occurs
Baddeley 66 - Found that we mix up similar sounding words in STM but similar meaning
words in LTM which highlights that they are different stores
Jacobs - Found have 9.3 digit span and 7.3 word span (highlights artificial materials)
Shallice and Warrington - Completed a case study, found that HM could not recall when
read to him but could remember when read to himself
Craik and Watkins - Found type of rehearsal more important than amount (elaborative for
LTM)
Baddeley 75 - Found when both tasks visual performance was lower than dual task which
suggests separate subsystems
Kohnken et al - Found CI gave 41% increase in accurate information compared with the
standard interview
Milne and Bull - Found each technique alone provided more information but report all and
reinstate context combined gave best results so some more useful than others
Social influence
Milgram - 40 US men, became teacher. Instructed by an authority figure to give shocks from
different rooms. All went to 300V, 65% reached 450V (maximum).
Beauvois et al - Game show (Game of Death) replicated Milgram. 80% Ps delivered 450V
to ‘unconscious’ man
Sheridan and King - All Ps gave shock to puppy, 54% men and 100% women gave ‘fatal’
shock
Orne and Holland - Argued Ps play acted as didn’t believe the set up
Perry - Found ⅔ Milgram’s Ps disobedient and only ½ believed that the shocks were real
Bickman - Dressed confederates in uniform, found public 2x more likely to listen to security
guard than man in tie and jacket (uniform importance)
Meeus and Raaijmakers - Found 90% obeyed when ordered to see stressful things
Smith and Bond - Analysis found only 2 replications 68-85 from cultures different to USA so
lack of generalizability
Rank and Jacobsen - Found 16/18 nurses disobeyed doctor when asked despite doctor
being higher authority figure
Kilham and Mann - Found that 16% Australian women went to 450V on Milgram replication
Mantell - Found that 85% German participants went to 450V on Milgram replication
Adorno et al - Studied 2000+ whites using F scale, found those with authoritarian leanings
had high status consciousness cand showed extreme respect for authority
Elms and Milgram - Found obedient participants scoring higher on F scale were much
different to lower scoring group and similar to authoritarianism
Asch - 123 American males in group of confederates on line length task, found more
conforming if everyone else did, less if there was a dissenter
Albrecht et al - Found smoking program social support made much less likely to smoke
than those without social support
Gamson et al - High levels of resistance due to fact groups were made so discussions could
be had, 88% groups rebelled
Rotter - Proposed the idea of the locus of control and internal vs external
Holland - Repeated Milgram and measured LOC, found 37% internals did not continue but
23% externals did not continue
Twenge et al - analysed LOC data which showed people became more resistant but more
external which is contradictory
Moscovici et al - Found consistent minority opinion had greater effect
Wood et al - Found minorities seen as consistent were the most influential
Martin et al - Found there were clear distinctions from minority influence but much more
complex in real world than in labs
, Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin - Created the multi store model of memory to explain how memory
occurs
Baddeley 66 - Found that we mix up similar sounding words in STM but similar meaning
words in LTM which highlights that they are different stores
Jacobs - Found have 9.3 digit span and 7.3 word span (highlights artificial materials)
Shallice and Warrington - Completed a case study, found that HM could not recall when
read to him but could remember when read to himself
Craik and Watkins - Found type of rehearsal more important than amount (elaborative for
LTM)
Baddeley 75 - Found when both tasks visual performance was lower than dual task which
suggests separate subsystems
Kohnken et al - Found CI gave 41% increase in accurate information compared with the
standard interview
Milne and Bull - Found each technique alone provided more information but report all and
reinstate context combined gave best results so some more useful than others
