Chapter 1 – Nutrition Introduction:
What is a nutrient? What is an essential nutrient? Is alcohol a nutrient?
o A nutrient is a chemical substance that provides energy and structure and helps regulate
body processes
o An essential nutrient is something that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained
through our diet
o Alcohol is not a nutrient but it provides energy
What is a dietary pattern?
o A dietary pattern is a sum of food choices
How does grain enrichment differ from fortification?
o Grain enrichment is when you replace lost nutrients and fortification is when you make a
super food by adding nutrients
Where are phytochemicals and zoochemicals found in our diet?
o Phytochemicals are found in plant foods and zoochemicals are found in animals
Define the 6 classes of nutrients. Which are considered macronutrients? Micronutrients? Energy-
yielding nutrients?
o The six classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, protein, water, minerals, and
vitamins
o Macronutrients are proteins carbohydrates lipids and water
o Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals
o Energy yielding nutrients are proteins lipids and carbohydrates
What is the major difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient?
o The difference between macro and micronutrients is that macronutrients need to be eaten
in large amount while micronutrients only
How many kcal/gram do protein, fat, carbohydrate, and alcohol each provide?
o Carbohydrates provide 4kcal/gram alcohol= 7 fat= 9 protein=4
What is the most abundant type of fat in our food and in the body?
o The most abundant type of fat in our bodies is triglycerides
Why is fat an ideal storage form of energy in the body?
o Triglycerides have single bonds that connect glycerol molecules. When these are
cleaved, a lot of energy is released
What is the difference between cholesterol and plant sterols? Where are they found in foods?
How do they affect our blood cholesterol?
o Cholesterol is found in animals while plant sterols are only found in plants. We find
cholesterol in meats, poultry and dairy products and cholesterol can elevate our blood
cholesterol
Which macronutrient do we require more of to survive than any other nutrient?
o Water is the most important macronutrient because we cannot store it like other nutrients
Which 4 key concepts are considered the foundation of a healthy diet?
o The four key concepts for a healthy diet are nutrient dense food, variety of food, balance
of nutrients, and moderation of portion control
What does it mean when a food is described as being nutrient dense?
o Nutrient density is a measure of nutrients a food supplies compared to its energy content
What does food processing typically do to nutrient density?
o Food processing makes foods less nutrient dense
Describe one type of research design that scientists use to perform nutrition research.
o Observational studies, lab studies and intervention studies
Chapter 2 – Dietary Guidelines and Nutrient Recommendations:
1
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, What are the DRIs? Can they be used to determine nutrient deficiencies?
o DRI’s are energy and nutrient recommendations according to the diets of healthy people
and the amount of nutrients a healthy person consumes daily
o DRI’s can not be used to determine nutrient deficiencies because you need to do
biochemical tests
Which person is more likely to be at risk of deficiency, someone eating a nutrient intake near the
RDA or near the EAR?
o A person is more likely to be at risk of deficiency if they follow EAR because it is the
estimated average requirement of populations. The RDA is recommended dietary
allowances for individuals
Has the Food Guide changed over the past decade?
o Yes it has by following the four pillars of a healthy diet: variety of foods, moderation of
portions, nutrient dense foods, and balance of nutrients
What is the different between the DRIs and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
o The DGA makes recommendations to account for nutrients that Americans are not getting
while the DRI’s is a baseline average of nutrients of a healthy individual
How many servings of whole grain is it recommended to consume on a daily basis?
o The daily recommended servings of whole grain is 6-8
Who is in charge of regulating food labels on meat and poultry products?
o The USDA is in charge of regulating food labels on meat and poultry products while the
FDA is in charge of everything else
What information about dietary fat is included on food labels?
Are the % Daily Value and the current DRIs the same thing?
o % Daily value is a recommendation on food labels for a person consuming a 2000 kcal
diet while DRI’s is a recommended baseline of nutrients a healthy individual takes in per
day. Therefore, they are not the same thing
How are the food Nutrition Facts labels going to change in the next few years?
o Nutrition fact labels will be updating serving size requirements and labeling requirements.
Calorie count will be larger, it will show how serving size is calculated, show added
sugars, micronutrients at the bottom and percent daily values will be on the left
How are ingredients arranged in the ingredients list of a food?
o Ingredients are arranged in order of abundance of weight
Do dietary supplements need to be proven safe and effective before being marketed?
o Dietary supplements do not have to be approved by the FDA but they can recall a
supplement is they prove that it is a risk
Describe one major difference between Nutrition Facts labels and Dietary Supplement labels.
o Dietary supplements have to be labeled as a dietary supplement and must have
directions on how to use it
What are nutrient content claims? Does the FDA need to approve a structure/function claim?
o Nutrient content claims are phrases like “low calorie” or “high fiber” and these definitions
are made by the FDA
o The FDA has certain standards that must be met but the structure and function of the
product is up to the manufacturer. However, they must use a qualifier in their structure
and function
Does a health claim need to be approved by the FDA
o A health claim must be approved by the FDA because it can be considered a drug if it
says something like “lowers cholesterol”
Fat free
o Less that .5 grams per serving
Describe the ABCDs of nutritional assessment.
2
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What is a nutrient? What is an essential nutrient? Is alcohol a nutrient?
o A nutrient is a chemical substance that provides energy and structure and helps regulate
body processes
o An essential nutrient is something that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained
through our diet
o Alcohol is not a nutrient but it provides energy
What is a dietary pattern?
o A dietary pattern is a sum of food choices
How does grain enrichment differ from fortification?
o Grain enrichment is when you replace lost nutrients and fortification is when you make a
super food by adding nutrients
Where are phytochemicals and zoochemicals found in our diet?
o Phytochemicals are found in plant foods and zoochemicals are found in animals
Define the 6 classes of nutrients. Which are considered macronutrients? Micronutrients? Energy-
yielding nutrients?
o The six classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, protein, water, minerals, and
vitamins
o Macronutrients are proteins carbohydrates lipids and water
o Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals
o Energy yielding nutrients are proteins lipids and carbohydrates
What is the major difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient?
o The difference between macro and micronutrients is that macronutrients need to be eaten
in large amount while micronutrients only
How many kcal/gram do protein, fat, carbohydrate, and alcohol each provide?
o Carbohydrates provide 4kcal/gram alcohol= 7 fat= 9 protein=4
What is the most abundant type of fat in our food and in the body?
o The most abundant type of fat in our bodies is triglycerides
Why is fat an ideal storage form of energy in the body?
o Triglycerides have single bonds that connect glycerol molecules. When these are
cleaved, a lot of energy is released
What is the difference between cholesterol and plant sterols? Where are they found in foods?
How do they affect our blood cholesterol?
o Cholesterol is found in animals while plant sterols are only found in plants. We find
cholesterol in meats, poultry and dairy products and cholesterol can elevate our blood
cholesterol
Which macronutrient do we require more of to survive than any other nutrient?
o Water is the most important macronutrient because we cannot store it like other nutrients
Which 4 key concepts are considered the foundation of a healthy diet?
o The four key concepts for a healthy diet are nutrient dense food, variety of food, balance
of nutrients, and moderation of portion control
What does it mean when a food is described as being nutrient dense?
o Nutrient density is a measure of nutrients a food supplies compared to its energy content
What does food processing typically do to nutrient density?
o Food processing makes foods less nutrient dense
Describe one type of research design that scientists use to perform nutrition research.
o Observational studies, lab studies and intervention studies
Chapter 2 – Dietary Guidelines and Nutrient Recommendations:
1
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, What are the DRIs? Can they be used to determine nutrient deficiencies?
o DRI’s are energy and nutrient recommendations according to the diets of healthy people
and the amount of nutrients a healthy person consumes daily
o DRI’s can not be used to determine nutrient deficiencies because you need to do
biochemical tests
Which person is more likely to be at risk of deficiency, someone eating a nutrient intake near the
RDA or near the EAR?
o A person is more likely to be at risk of deficiency if they follow EAR because it is the
estimated average requirement of populations. The RDA is recommended dietary
allowances for individuals
Has the Food Guide changed over the past decade?
o Yes it has by following the four pillars of a healthy diet: variety of foods, moderation of
portions, nutrient dense foods, and balance of nutrients
What is the different between the DRIs and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
o The DGA makes recommendations to account for nutrients that Americans are not getting
while the DRI’s is a baseline average of nutrients of a healthy individual
How many servings of whole grain is it recommended to consume on a daily basis?
o The daily recommended servings of whole grain is 6-8
Who is in charge of regulating food labels on meat and poultry products?
o The USDA is in charge of regulating food labels on meat and poultry products while the
FDA is in charge of everything else
What information about dietary fat is included on food labels?
Are the % Daily Value and the current DRIs the same thing?
o % Daily value is a recommendation on food labels for a person consuming a 2000 kcal
diet while DRI’s is a recommended baseline of nutrients a healthy individual takes in per
day. Therefore, they are not the same thing
How are the food Nutrition Facts labels going to change in the next few years?
o Nutrition fact labels will be updating serving size requirements and labeling requirements.
Calorie count will be larger, it will show how serving size is calculated, show added
sugars, micronutrients at the bottom and percent daily values will be on the left
How are ingredients arranged in the ingredients list of a food?
o Ingredients are arranged in order of abundance of weight
Do dietary supplements need to be proven safe and effective before being marketed?
o Dietary supplements do not have to be approved by the FDA but they can recall a
supplement is they prove that it is a risk
Describe one major difference between Nutrition Facts labels and Dietary Supplement labels.
o Dietary supplements have to be labeled as a dietary supplement and must have
directions on how to use it
What are nutrient content claims? Does the FDA need to approve a structure/function claim?
o Nutrient content claims are phrases like “low calorie” or “high fiber” and these definitions
are made by the FDA
o The FDA has certain standards that must be met but the structure and function of the
product is up to the manufacturer. However, they must use a qualifier in their structure
and function
Does a health claim need to be approved by the FDA
o A health claim must be approved by the FDA because it can be considered a drug if it
says something like “lowers cholesterol”
Fat free
o Less that .5 grams per serving
Describe the ABCDs of nutritional assessment.
2
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