ATI TEAS 7 Anatomy and Physiology Review with Questions and Answers.
Tissues
Categories of Tissues
o Epithelial: Cells are tightly joined. Ex. Skin
o Connective: May be dense, loose, or fatty. Protects and binds body parts. Ex. Bone tissue,
cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph.
o Cartilage: Cushions & provides structural support for body parts. Jelly like base and
fibrous.
o Blood: Blood transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes. Carries hormones and defends
against diseases.
o Bone: Hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues & organs. Marrow produces red
blood cells.
o Muscle: Helps support and move the body.
1. Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
o Nervous: Located inside the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons form network through
the body that control responses to changes in the external and internal environment. Some
send signals to muscles and glands to trigger responses.
Organs
Mammals 11 organ systems
1) Integumentary system
2) Respiratory system
3) Cardiovascular system
, 4) Endocrine system
5) Nervous system
6) Immune system
7) Digestive system
8) Excretory system
9) Muscular system
10) Skeletal system
11)Reproductive system
Three Primary Body Planes
o Transverse (horizontal): Superior and inferior
o Sagittal plane: Right and left sections.
, o Coronal (frontal): Front & Back {anterior & posterior}
Terms of direction
o Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
o Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
o Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk
o Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body
trunk
o Anterior: toward or at the front of the body; in front of
o Posterior: Toward or at the back of the body; behind
o Cephalad=Head, Cranial=skull
o Caudad=towards the tail or posterior
o Superior: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
o Inferior: away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Cell
Cell: basic organizational unit of all living things. One thing in common is they all have membranes
(phospholipids).
Cell structure organization: All cells contain DNA, and RNA & can synthesize proteins. Consists of
nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
o Tissues: Cells that are grouped together
o Organs: Tissues that are grouped together
o Systems: Organs that are grouped together
, o Organism: A complete individual
Nuclear parts of a cell
o Nucleus: contains chromosomes, & regulates DNA of the cell. Defining structure of eukaryotic
cells (they all have nucleus). Passes genetic traits between generations. Contains nuclear
envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, & ribosomes.
o Chromosomes: thread like rods of DNA. Short deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is the genetic
material that stores information about the plant/animal.
o Chromatin: DNA & Protein makeup chromosomes
o Nucleolus: Proteins, small/round doesn’t have membrane. Protein synthesis, synthesizes &
stores RNA.
o Nuclear envelope: Encloses structures within nucleus. Made of lipids.
o Nuclear pores: Exchange materials between the nucleus * cytoplasm
o Nucleoplasm: Liquid like cytoplasm, within nucleus.
Cell Membranes
Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane): Semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins. Made of
phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer
facing inside the cell, hydrophobic ends facing each other.
o Hydrophilic: Water loving, can dissolve water
o Hydrophobic: Hates water, can’t dissolve water
Selective Permeability
o Selective Permeability with regards to size, charge, and solubility.
Cell structure
o Ribosomes: synthesize proteins from amino acids.
o Golgi apparatus: synthesize materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell. Near
nucleus & consists of layers of membranes.
o Vacuoles: Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal. One large in plant cells/ Animal
cells are small or have numerous.
Tissues
Categories of Tissues
o Epithelial: Cells are tightly joined. Ex. Skin
o Connective: May be dense, loose, or fatty. Protects and binds body parts. Ex. Bone tissue,
cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph.
o Cartilage: Cushions & provides structural support for body parts. Jelly like base and
fibrous.
o Blood: Blood transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes. Carries hormones and defends
against diseases.
o Bone: Hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues & organs. Marrow produces red
blood cells.
o Muscle: Helps support and move the body.
1. Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
o Nervous: Located inside the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons form network through
the body that control responses to changes in the external and internal environment. Some
send signals to muscles and glands to trigger responses.
Organs
Mammals 11 organ systems
1) Integumentary system
2) Respiratory system
3) Cardiovascular system
, 4) Endocrine system
5) Nervous system
6) Immune system
7) Digestive system
8) Excretory system
9) Muscular system
10) Skeletal system
11)Reproductive system
Three Primary Body Planes
o Transverse (horizontal): Superior and inferior
o Sagittal plane: Right and left sections.
, o Coronal (frontal): Front & Back {anterior & posterior}
Terms of direction
o Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
o Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
o Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk
o Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body
trunk
o Anterior: toward or at the front of the body; in front of
o Posterior: Toward or at the back of the body; behind
o Cephalad=Head, Cranial=skull
o Caudad=towards the tail or posterior
o Superior: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
o Inferior: away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Cell
Cell: basic organizational unit of all living things. One thing in common is they all have membranes
(phospholipids).
Cell structure organization: All cells contain DNA, and RNA & can synthesize proteins. Consists of
nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
o Tissues: Cells that are grouped together
o Organs: Tissues that are grouped together
o Systems: Organs that are grouped together
, o Organism: A complete individual
Nuclear parts of a cell
o Nucleus: contains chromosomes, & regulates DNA of the cell. Defining structure of eukaryotic
cells (they all have nucleus). Passes genetic traits between generations. Contains nuclear
envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, & ribosomes.
o Chromosomes: thread like rods of DNA. Short deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is the genetic
material that stores information about the plant/animal.
o Chromatin: DNA & Protein makeup chromosomes
o Nucleolus: Proteins, small/round doesn’t have membrane. Protein synthesis, synthesizes &
stores RNA.
o Nuclear envelope: Encloses structures within nucleus. Made of lipids.
o Nuclear pores: Exchange materials between the nucleus * cytoplasm
o Nucleoplasm: Liquid like cytoplasm, within nucleus.
Cell Membranes
Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane): Semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins. Made of
phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer
facing inside the cell, hydrophobic ends facing each other.
o Hydrophilic: Water loving, can dissolve water
o Hydrophobic: Hates water, can’t dissolve water
Selective Permeability
o Selective Permeability with regards to size, charge, and solubility.
Cell structure
o Ribosomes: synthesize proteins from amino acids.
o Golgi apparatus: synthesize materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell. Near
nucleus & consists of layers of membranes.
o Vacuoles: Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal. One large in plant cells/ Animal
cells are small or have numerous.
