SOPHIA PATHWAYS Environmental Science Milestone 1.

SOPHIA PATHWAYS Environmental Science Milestone 1. Introduction In this assignment, I will be choosing two physiological disorders by explaining why this happen, which body system it will affect and what happen to our body because of this specific disorders . During this assignment I will be explaining the symptoms and signs of the disorders, and also how to diagnose the ways of difficulties in the symptoms of the specific disorders and these will all meet my Pass task criteria that include the P1, P2 and P3. However for M1 I will be describing the possible difficulties that include in the diagnose of the disorders from their symptoms and signs. P1: Explain the nature of two named physiological disorders Alzheimer’s disease Dementia is a condition where there is variety of different brain functions such as memory, thinking, recognition, language, planning and personality deteriorate over time. Dementia is not part of normal ageing as everyone gets forgetful as they get older; that does mean that they have dementia. The most common types of dementia is Alzheimer disease, however there are several other types of dementia. Dementia is common condition that occurs in some elderly people. This is estimated that there are almost three-quarters of a million people with dementia in the UK and this number is rising. As people are getting older, the risk of dementia will increase rapidly. It is estimated that one in six people aged over 80 years has some type of dementia. Dementia is common condition that about one in every 90 people in the UK has dementia. For example, in 2008 it was estimated that there were 700,000 people in the UK with dementia and this will rise to 1 million by 2015. Dementia can sometime happen for people aged below 65 years. About 1 in 20 people over the age 65 has dementia; rising about 1 in 6 of people aged 80 has dementia. However dementia is becoming more common because the biggest risk factor for dementia is getting older and people are living longer. About two-third of people with dementia live at home and almost three-quarters of people living in care homes have dementia as well. People with dementia condition are often live for many years, as it not uncommon for someone to live seven to ten years after a diagnosis and then to die of something else. Therefore everyone who has dementia will get worse over the time and many people will eventually need to be cared for because they cannot live safely by their own. It is important to recognise when someone may have dementia. A swift and accurate diagnosis is important while people can still plan their lives and have a say in their treatment. Getting a diagnosis is also helpful to explain why someone isn’t getting on as well as they used to and ensures that they get the necessary help. It is also reassuring to be told if you don’t have dementia. In addition, dementia is a term described that is applied to several different conditions that affect the brain function. So the most common condition of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, but they are many other causes. For example, some types of dementia have similar symptoms that include such as; loss of memory, problems with thinking and planning, difficulties with language, failure to recognize people or objects and a change of personality. The people with Alzheimer condition have a brain with many different functions that brain allow them to think that is simple task for them to do but in fact this is quite a complex task. To explain this, I will provide some examples of several different brain functions starting from steps to steps include; step 1 - We imagine a cup of tea (abstract thinking) and decide to make one (motivation). Step 2 - We may ask whoever is with us if they want a cup (language). Step 3 - We plan making the tea ensuring that things are done in the right order, and putting the tea in before the boiling water (executive function). Step 4- We remember where the tea, sugar and milk are stored (memory). Step 5 - We put the kettle on and gather the ingredients (motor function). Step 6 - We listen for the kettle (hearing), ensuring that we don’t get distracted with some other task (attention and concentration). Step 7 - We carefully pour (coordination) just the right amount of water (judgement) on to the tea. Step 8 - We may then add milk and sugar to the cup, in the right order (planning). Step 9 - We wait Unit 14: Physiological disorders Task P1, P2, P3 & M1 until has cooled sufficiently (judgement) and we enjoy the tea (taste). Step 10- All the way through we have probably spoken and acted in a similar manner to how we usually do (personality) So, these will all show examples how the brain function work with several different brain functions. When a person has dementia, usually the are several of the different brain functions outlined above being to go wrong and repeating over the time. Therefore dementia could be defined as; persistent, progressive problems with more than one aspects of brain function (such as language, planning, motivation, memory or personality). However each of these following have present for at least 6 months in someone who has no impairment of consciousness; decline in memory, decline in other cognitive abilities such as judgement, thinking and planning and decline in emotional control (for example, irritability or motivation) What causes Alzheimer’s disease? The process of Alzheimer disease: Normal brain that the neurons within the brain transmit electrical messages to other parts of the body is using chemicals called transmitters. But brains with Alzheimer’s disease areas of brain tissue are damaged and this interferes with message transmission, causing the symptoms of the disease. There are some risk factors of developing Alzheimer’s disease and that include such as the most common condition cause of dementia, slightly more common in women than men, Affects 26 million people worldwide, Over 90 per cent of people with Alzheimer disease are aged over 70, slow start with very mild symptoms, Memory often affected first, smooth progression and People often live 10 years or even more after diagnosis. Factors that may increase the risk of getting Alzheimer’s disease are such as: Age, the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease increases with age. According to the Alzheimer’s association (website) 10% of all people over the age of 65 have Alzheimer’s disease, and as many as 50% of people over age 85 have it. Gender can be affected by Alzheimer disease as it affects women more frequently than men. Family history, less than 1% of people with Alzheimer disease inherited the condition. Down syndrome, people often with Down syndrome develop Alzheimer disease in their 30s and 40s. Head injury, the research has shown some link between Alzheimer’ disease and a significant head injury. Environmental toxins, some researcher’s suspects that increased exposure to certain substances such as aluminum may make a person more susceptible to Alzheimer’s disease. Low education level, the reason is not clearly understood why education cause Alzheimer low but some cases have shown that low education levels can be related to an increased risk for Alzheimer disease. They are also some other factors that may be risk of developing Alzheimer are having high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure – these factors will link to heart disease and stroke, and may also increase the risk for developing Alzheimer’s. Unit 14: Physiological disorders Task P1, P2, P3 & M1 Angina and Heart Attack Heart attack is a pain from the heart that is caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries of the heart. The disorder heart attack, kill more than 20,000 people in the UK, this is more common in men’s than women. It also common in people over the age of 50 years and sometime younger age occurs in the UK. The general name that could be given for disease such as angina and heart attack is coronary heart disease and for shorter it called CHD. The disorders that caused angina and heart attack is simple to understand because; the heart is powerful muscle that maintains life by pumping blood round the body, to function properly, the heart requires a good blood supply and this is provided by the coronary arteries. Disease of the coronary arteries interferes with the normal blood supply of the heart and can lead to angina and the heart attacks. The heart is mainly made of special muscle. The heart pumps blood into arteries which take the blood to every part of the body, therefore the heart muscle needs a good blood supply. The coronary arteries take blood to the heart muscle. They are the first arteries to branch off the aorta. This is the large artery taking blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The coronary artery disease can cause numbers of problem for the heart; it will result in insufficient oxygen reaching the heart muscle. Anginas, heart attack, heart failure, irregularities of heart rhythm are all most common because that is being caused by the coronary artery disease. However they are some other causes of heart problems that could be result of coronary artery disease. Some of these heart problems may include such as congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathies and valvular heart disease. The CHD is less common in country such as Africa, however is most common in northern Europe, North America and Australia. This is seems to be related in some ways of lifestyle, because when people move from developing countries to a more affluent culture as they get the CHD diseases much more often than they would have done at home. This is particularly noticeable among immigrants from the Indian subcontinent who come to the UK and they are even more likely to get CHD disease than people who born here. Here is Statistics Database of CHD that is caused death in the UK men’s and women’s health. This graph shows the regional variations, this shows that in Europe there are major differences between countries and even within one country. In southern Europe, CHD is generally much less common in the UK and Scandinavia; and this may be one of reasons for the popularity of the Mediterranean diet. However many people believe that changing their diet plan may help them to protect against heart attack such as eating lots of fresh fruit vegetables, salad, fruit and fish and relatively little red meats or daily produce.