metabolism
, glycolysis
ATP
glucose
ADP < * exokina.se
glucose b-phosphate
[ Phosphoglucose
isomerase
fructose 6- phosphate
ATP
phosphofructokinase
A-OP (
fructose 1,6 -
bisphosphate
←*
dihydroxyacetone glyceraldehyde
Phosphate C-triose phosphate 3- phosphate
isomerase Pi
Nf glyceraldehyde
}
,
3- phosphate
NA0H 2 dehydrogenase OG
"
= +6,3kt .mu
"
1,3 -
bisphosphoglycer.at *
AOP
however PGK
]↓ phosphoglyceratekina.se
"
* GAOPH has a positive OG , pulls oa
"
≤ -
↳• my .mu
,
""
GAOPH over the barrier by keeping the concentration
<3 -
phosphoglycerate
bisphosphoglyceratelow.t.m.mooeratemu.ae
Of 1,3 -
ax
2- phosphoglycerat.ee
Nolase
H20
phosphoenolpyruvate
"
pyruvate kinase
exergonicrxnr-OGDAT.PL
(strongly
lactate
-
OR
-4in pyruvate
fpyruvateethanol-e-acetal.de
hyde decarboxylase
fatigue
Reaction: glucose +2 NAD
+
T2A-0PT 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate +2 NA0H +2 ATP + ZH0A 2HY
, TCA cycle
NAO't
pyruvate
↳A
pyruvate dehydrogenase
NA0H L
1- CO2
acetyl-CoA C2
citrate synthase
oxaloacetate
NA0H
cu
citrate C6
NA0] / Malate
dehydrogenase aconit
)
1- Malate
(
cu
Aconitatecb
¥
fumarate [Officer can I keep
, getting ≤ex for money)
"
°Ñᵗ
isocitrate C6
Fumarate cu
"° " "
FA0
]
.
dehydrogenase
denytsa%Fe.ru#seNA0+9 NA0H + ≤02
a-
Ketoglutarate C5
a-ketoglutarate
succinate C4 dehydrogenase
µiyg Succinyl
[of + NA☐+
synthetase
µ
"
-
C0A C4 NA0H + ≤02
ATP
COAT OR ADP 1- Pi
GTP OR
GOPTPI
*
{
Reaction acetyl-CoA
& :
:
pyruvate + NA0
"
+
+3 NAD't FAD
C0A →
acetyl-CoA -1
+
NA0H
ADP
1-
+
C02
Pi +21-120 → 2602+3 NADHTFAOHZTATP +24+-1 C0A
, Respiratory chain
1+1+1=7 ttttt
→ cytochrome C →
""" " "" " " "" "
"
""""" "" " " """"""" """"" " "" " " " " "" " " "
" "
I IV
inner membrane ↑
" " " " " " " " "" " " " "
oooooooooeooeoo
%,µt]A_ I AOPTPI
n.
- - - -
-
NA ☐ µ
-
NA0H Ht
FA0+Hᵗ 21-1++1-202
H20
Agp
] ,
↑ ATP synthetase
µ
→ = electron transport
1 NA0H → 2.5 ATP
I FADHZ → 1.5 ATP
Complex I= NA0H -
Q oxidoreductase
complex # = Succinate -
Q reductase
complex # =
Q -
cytochrome C oxidoreductase → transfers electrons from a membrane soluble carrier to
-
a water-soluble
carrier
complex IV =
Cytochrome c. oxidase
?⃝
?⃝
, Summary induced fit enzymes active site closes around substrates → prevents
:
water from entering
↳ hero kinase and hydro liking ATP
Lecture 1 catabolism : fuel → coat Hzot energy
bond energy release
(free energy ) p breaking
=
ATP Anabolism complex molecules
6ibby
carrier of energy e- precursors
:
,
a high energy phosphate
-
bonds .
: →
keq
" =
Gibbs energy of reaction At B. → Cto :
☐ G. =
☐G t RT lnkeq ,
↳ OG =
out p ov -
T0S
entropy
energy temp .
Why is ATP a good carrier ? e. g. .
negative charges on P 's repel each other NA9P converts equilibrium ratio in t
molecules (entropy)
µ
.
2 are formed from 1
-
resonance stabilization Pi
"
1 .
ATP hydrolysis has
s-yimgf-ore.AT P is capable of driving uphill reactions ( OG =
-30.5 KJ /M0W
besides energy & signal transduction
p
ᵈᵈÑ
"
2. ATP is style in absence of enzymes Another role of ATP =
ATP
hydro -
maintaining protein solubility phobia
3 There are processes in the cell with
. an even largernegd-iue-UGtoregenerate.AT P from AOP 3P
Need to know by names of reactions & Which conversions are catalyzed (not the structures)
ribose
:
µ
Glycolysis glucose pyruvate
ᵈ
:
→
Reaction types : Michaelis Menten kinetics - :
way__
. . . . . .
.. . . . .
◦
Oxidation reduction electron
- :
transfer V = ✓Max '
m '
humax -
◦
Ligation ATP cleavage formation of : covalent bonds if [S ] =
km → V = { Vmax
;µ-
0 Isomerization rearrangement of :
atoms competitive inhibitor : Vmax stays the same .
km ↑
◦
Group transfer : transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another Lineweaver -
Burk plot :
↓ =
¥ᵈa× ^5 '
+
×
◦
Hydrolytic :
cleavage of bonds by the addition of water
Glucose transporters (GLUT ) . . .
: (km tells how much substrate is needed to get to Y2Vma_)
•
GLUT 1 → all tissues ( basal glucose uptake) km = 1mm
•
GLUTZ → liver and pancreatic B cells ( liver :
removes excess glucose from the blood Pancreas .
:
role in insulin regulation) km= 15-20 MM
•
GLUT 3 → all tissues ( basal glucose uptake) km =
1 mm
•
GLUT 4 → muscle and fat tissues (amount in muscles increases with endurance training ) km 5mm =
•
GLUT 5 → small intestine ( fructose transporter)
( 6 LU94 is insulin sensitive → insulin
-
promotes uptake of glucose by muscle and fat tissues at high blood glucose levels .
)
^naer_-obic conditions → fermentation : ethanol or lactate Glycolysis in cancer cells :
glycolysis is less efficient
→ increase in glucose uptake
Lecture 2 ( higher rate of glycolysis)
Total amount ATP used : 160g kinase → transfers phosphate from ATP to an acceptor molecule oxidative phosphorylation b
↳ brain uses
120g lyase → carbon bond cleavage
Gluconeogenesis :
synthesis of glucose / reverse of glycolysis
↳ however not all reactions just be reversed this will lead to very positive OG 's of
exlra↓TP&GP_-_
→
:
can ,
use
investment of 3 ATP per pyruvate
(2×3=6 ATP )
, glycolysis
ATP
glucose
ADP < * exokina.se
glucose b-phosphate
[ Phosphoglucose
isomerase
fructose 6- phosphate
ATP
phosphofructokinase
A-OP (
fructose 1,6 -
bisphosphate
←*
dihydroxyacetone glyceraldehyde
Phosphate C-triose phosphate 3- phosphate
isomerase Pi
Nf glyceraldehyde
}
,
3- phosphate
NA0H 2 dehydrogenase OG
"
= +6,3kt .mu
"
1,3 -
bisphosphoglycer.at *
AOP
however PGK
]↓ phosphoglyceratekina.se
"
* GAOPH has a positive OG , pulls oa
"
≤ -
↳• my .mu
,
""
GAOPH over the barrier by keeping the concentration
<3 -
phosphoglycerate
bisphosphoglyceratelow.t.m.mooeratemu.ae
Of 1,3 -
ax
2- phosphoglycerat.ee
Nolase
H20
phosphoenolpyruvate
"
pyruvate kinase
exergonicrxnr-OGDAT.PL
(strongly
lactate
-
OR
-4in pyruvate
fpyruvateethanol-e-acetal.de
hyde decarboxylase
fatigue
Reaction: glucose +2 NAD
+
T2A-0PT 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate +2 NA0H +2 ATP + ZH0A 2HY
, TCA cycle
NAO't
pyruvate
↳A
pyruvate dehydrogenase
NA0H L
1- CO2
acetyl-CoA C2
citrate synthase
oxaloacetate
NA0H
cu
citrate C6
NA0] / Malate
dehydrogenase aconit
)
1- Malate
(
cu
Aconitatecb
¥
fumarate [Officer can I keep
, getting ≤ex for money)
"
°Ñᵗ
isocitrate C6
Fumarate cu
"° " "
FA0
]
.
dehydrogenase
denytsa%Fe.ru#seNA0+9 NA0H + ≤02
a-
Ketoglutarate C5
a-ketoglutarate
succinate C4 dehydrogenase
µiyg Succinyl
[of + NA☐+
synthetase
µ
"
-
C0A C4 NA0H + ≤02
ATP
COAT OR ADP 1- Pi
GTP OR
GOPTPI
*
{
Reaction acetyl-CoA
& :
:
pyruvate + NA0
"
+
+3 NAD't FAD
C0A →
acetyl-CoA -1
+
NA0H
ADP
1-
+
C02
Pi +21-120 → 2602+3 NADHTFAOHZTATP +24+-1 C0A
, Respiratory chain
1+1+1=7 ttttt
→ cytochrome C →
""" " "" " " "" "
"
""""" "" " " """"""" """"" " "" " " " " "" " " "
" "
I IV
inner membrane ↑
" " " " " " " " "" " " " "
oooooooooeooeoo
%,µt]A_ I AOPTPI
n.
- - - -
-
NA ☐ µ
-
NA0H Ht
FA0+Hᵗ 21-1++1-202
H20
Agp
] ,
↑ ATP synthetase
µ
→ = electron transport
1 NA0H → 2.5 ATP
I FADHZ → 1.5 ATP
Complex I= NA0H -
Q oxidoreductase
complex # = Succinate -
Q reductase
complex # =
Q -
cytochrome C oxidoreductase → transfers electrons from a membrane soluble carrier to
-
a water-soluble
carrier
complex IV =
Cytochrome c. oxidase
?⃝
?⃝
, Summary induced fit enzymes active site closes around substrates → prevents
:
water from entering
↳ hero kinase and hydro liking ATP
Lecture 1 catabolism : fuel → coat Hzot energy
bond energy release
(free energy ) p breaking
=
ATP Anabolism complex molecules
6ibby
carrier of energy e- precursors
:
,
a high energy phosphate
-
bonds .
: →
keq
" =
Gibbs energy of reaction At B. → Cto :
☐ G. =
☐G t RT lnkeq ,
↳ OG =
out p ov -
T0S
entropy
energy temp .
Why is ATP a good carrier ? e. g. .
negative charges on P 's repel each other NA9P converts equilibrium ratio in t
molecules (entropy)
µ
.
2 are formed from 1
-
resonance stabilization Pi
"
1 .
ATP hydrolysis has
s-yimgf-ore.AT P is capable of driving uphill reactions ( OG =
-30.5 KJ /M0W
besides energy & signal transduction
p
ᵈᵈÑ
"
2. ATP is style in absence of enzymes Another role of ATP =
ATP
hydro -
maintaining protein solubility phobia
3 There are processes in the cell with
. an even largernegd-iue-UGtoregenerate.AT P from AOP 3P
Need to know by names of reactions & Which conversions are catalyzed (not the structures)
ribose
:
µ
Glycolysis glucose pyruvate
ᵈ
:
→
Reaction types : Michaelis Menten kinetics - :
way__
. . . . . .
.. . . . .
◦
Oxidation reduction electron
- :
transfer V = ✓Max '
m '
humax -
◦
Ligation ATP cleavage formation of : covalent bonds if [S ] =
km → V = { Vmax
;µ-
0 Isomerization rearrangement of :
atoms competitive inhibitor : Vmax stays the same .
km ↑
◦
Group transfer : transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another Lineweaver -
Burk plot :
↓ =
¥ᵈa× ^5 '
+
×
◦
Hydrolytic :
cleavage of bonds by the addition of water
Glucose transporters (GLUT ) . . .
: (km tells how much substrate is needed to get to Y2Vma_)
•
GLUT 1 → all tissues ( basal glucose uptake) km = 1mm
•
GLUTZ → liver and pancreatic B cells ( liver :
removes excess glucose from the blood Pancreas .
:
role in insulin regulation) km= 15-20 MM
•
GLUT 3 → all tissues ( basal glucose uptake) km =
1 mm
•
GLUT 4 → muscle and fat tissues (amount in muscles increases with endurance training ) km 5mm =
•
GLUT 5 → small intestine ( fructose transporter)
( 6 LU94 is insulin sensitive → insulin
-
promotes uptake of glucose by muscle and fat tissues at high blood glucose levels .
)
^naer_-obic conditions → fermentation : ethanol or lactate Glycolysis in cancer cells :
glycolysis is less efficient
→ increase in glucose uptake
Lecture 2 ( higher rate of glycolysis)
Total amount ATP used : 160g kinase → transfers phosphate from ATP to an acceptor molecule oxidative phosphorylation b
↳ brain uses
120g lyase → carbon bond cleavage
Gluconeogenesis :
synthesis of glucose / reverse of glycolysis
↳ however not all reactions just be reversed this will lead to very positive OG 's of
exlra↓TP&GP_-_
→
:
can ,
use
investment of 3 ATP per pyruvate
(2×3=6 ATP )
