Pharmacology Final Exam

PHARM 101 Pharmacology Final Exam 2020 – Lincoln Technical Institute PAIN: It is whatever the patient says it is they are the best reporters of the pain where it is, how it feels, how intense it is. It’s defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage. NURSING ASSESSMENT OF ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE DRUGS: Patient may experience hypotension which may cause dizziness putting the patient at risk for falls and injury. Could ultimately pass out. THIAZIDE DIURETICS-ADVERSE EFFECTS: SKIPPING HEARTBEAT- HYPOKALEMIA (abnormal heart rhythms, sodium can be low) LANOXIN-DIGOXIN: For A-Fib, check apical heart rate for one full minute, and watch for complaints of blurred vision- hold medication- call provider could be sign of toxicity. (adverse effect- blurred vision, very common side effect; have to check apical pulse for 1 full minute before giving) MAGNESIUM SULFATE- SIDE EFFECTS: Diarrhea which may lead to fluid loss. (diarrhea, tell client to expect it) (Lactulose- brings down ammonia levels- expect diarrhea) ANTILIPIDEMIC-CLIENT EDUCATION: Report signs of Rhabdomyolysis - muscle breakdown- especially muscle pain, aches, or weakness. This medication is taken for life. (muscle breakdown is common, life long medications, complaints of muscle complaints you should hold drug and call HCP) ATROVASTATIN-LIPITOR: Medication is life long,- STATIN- lowers blood lipid levels. Watch for signs of Rhabdomyolysis. Muscle pain, aches, weakness, vomiting, liver problems. Obtain baseline creatinine and BUN to test kidney function because kidney failure can be a sign of rhabdomyolysis. Continue to test creatinine and BUN periodically. ELEVATED LFT WITH-HOLD MED-LIVER TOXIC PHENYTOIN- DILANTIN: Can cause overgrowth of the gums- see dentist regularly. For seizure control- start at lowest dose then increase to reach therapeutic effects. (normal side effect- GI upset, gum overgrowth; hold and call HCP & check blood levels if toxic) TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS- LIVER TOXIC: (Take all the medication that is prescribed – it is not life- long treatment. Cant stop even if you feel better; not life long though, just have to finish out course) CYCLOBENZAPRINE: FLEXERIL: Skeletal muscle relaxer-Can cause sedation- avoid alcohol. Relaxes muscle, reduces muscle spasm, increases mobility of affected muscles. Can have anticholinergic side effects- dry mouth, dry eyes, constipation, urinary retention. (Muscle relaxer) IBUPROFEN-NSAID: Can increase the risk for bleeding, avoid taking with Warfarin, take with food. (do not take if you are going for surgery- blood thinner) MEDS GOUTY ARTHRITIS: Class- Uric acid synthesis inhibitors-they reduce blood uric acid levels. Math: Know lbs-kg; IV solutions (this much hanging after so many hours how much is left) 15 SECOND RULE: to check if drip rate is accurate count drops for 15 seconds then multiply by 4, then the outcome should be equal to order for drops/min..You may have to increase the rate or decrease. (IV rate, 100 an hour 15 second rule- 20 a drop what do you do? Increase it) INSULINS: (difference of NPH is it is cloudy) RAPID ACTING- LISPRO-HUMALOG:15-30 MIN ONSET, 30 MIN-1.5 HR PEAK, 5 HR. DURATION-SEE FOOD INSULIN SHORT ACTING-REGULAR- HUMULIN R, NOVOLIN R: 30 MIN ONSET, 2-4 HR PEAK, 5-8 HR DURATION INTERMEDIATE ACTING- NPH- NOVOLIN N, HUMULIN N: 1.5 HR ONSET, 4-12 HR PEAK, 10-16+ HRS. DURATION LONG ACTING INSULIN- GLARGINE-LANTUS: 2 HR ONSET, 0 PEAK, 24 HR DURATION DRY POWDER INHALERS: May not be the perfect choice for someone with arthritis. (older adults, arthristis, visually impaired would have problem; cannot wet them; know how to give them) TRANSDERMAL PATCHES: Rotate application sites, date and time, remove old patches, don’t apply over hair, don’t apply on excoriated skin. (how to put patches, where do you put them, what do you do) VALPROIC ACID- CAUTION WITH USE OF: ALCOHOL (can effect two organs- liver and pancreas) ATROPINE: Antidysrhythmic- This med is used for BRADYCARDIA. Slow heart rate ANTACIDS: Give 2 hrs. apart from all other medications. COLCHICINE- ANTIGOUT MED: Relieves gouty arthritis report bruising and bleeding. (Report bruising and bleeding) METFORMIN-ADVERSE EFFECTS: Can cause lactic acidosis (Lactic acidosis) DRUG HALF LIFE: Less doses needed if drug has a long half -life. MEMANTINE-NAMENDA-HOW IT WORKS: Blocks the amino acid glutamate at N-Methyl-D- aspartate receptors in the brain preventing over stimulation. Over stimulation of these receptors damages neurons and appears to be one cause of Alzheimer’s. It can be effective in helping modify dementia (temporarily) in some patients with