Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid en Criminologische
Wetenschappen
Opleiding Criminologische Wetenschappen
Academiejaar 2021 - 2022 KATHOLIEKE
UNIVERSITEIT
LEUVEN
PRIVATE VEILIGHEIDSZORG:
SAMENVATTING
PROF. JAN CAPELLE
DERDE BACHELOR CRIMINOLOGIE, TWEEDE SEMESTER
,Inhoudsopgave
1 – Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Private veiligheidszorg: wat bedoelen we?...................................................................................5
1.1.1 Kerndomeinen.......................................................................................................................5
1.1.2 Organisatievormen................................................................................................................6
1.2 Private veiligheid: definitie?.........................................................................................................7
H2 – Verklaringsmodellen.................................................................................................................8
2.1 Evolutie private veiligheid in België..............................................................................................8
2.2 Wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Junior Partner-theorie...........................................................................................................9
2.2.2 Economische theorie...........................................................................................................10
2.2.3 JP-theorie vs. Economische theorie.....................................................................................11
2.2.4 Bedenkingen bij de theorieën..............................................................................................11
H3 – Belgische regelgeving..............................................................................................................13
3.1 Overzicht.....................................................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Actoren................................................................................................................................13
3.1.2 Gebruikers...........................................................................................................................13
3.2 Wet tot regeling van de private en bijzondere veiligheid...........................................................13
3.3 Enkele bijzondere actoren..........................................................................................................14
3.3.1 Overzicht..............................................................................................................................14
3.3.2 Bijzondere veldwachters......................................................................................................14
3.3.3 Seingevers wielerwedstrijden..............................................................................................15
3.3.4 Stewards autorally’s.............................................................................................................17
3.4 Extra: antwoorden op vragen.....................................................................................................17
H4 – Wet Private en bijzondere Veiligheid (WPV)............................................................................19
4.1 Vergunningsstelsel, vergunningsvoorwaarden en minimumvereisten.......................................19
4.1.1 Vergunningsstelsel ondernemingen....................................................................................19
4.1.2 Vergunningsvoorwaarden....................................................................................................19
4.1.3 Bijkomende voorwaarden vernieuwing vergunning (art. 41 WPV)......................................20
4.1.4 Minimumvereisten bewaking (KB 2021)..............................................................................20
4.1.5 Verplichtingen ondernemingen / diensten..........................................................................21
4.2 Persooneelsvoorwaarden...........................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Soorten personeel...............................................................................................................22
, 4.2.2 Doelstellingen en instrumenten..........................................................................................22
4.3 Middelen en methoden..............................................................................................................24
4.3.1 Opleidingen.........................................................................................................................24
4.3.2 Identificatiekaarten..............................................................................................................26
4.4 Bewaking....................................................................................................................................28
4.4.1 Bevoegdheden en verplichtingen........................................................................................28
4.4.2 Opdrachten met veiligheidsrisico........................................................................................29
4.4.3 Middelen..............................................................................................................................29
4.4.4 Bevoegdheden.....................................................................................................................30
4.4.5 Procedures voor specifieke activiteiten...............................................................................31
H5 – Wet Privédetectives (WPD).....................................................................................................32
5.1 Toepassingsgebied......................................................................................................................32
5.2 Vergunningsstelsel......................................................................................................................33
5.3 Uitoefeningsvoorwaarden..........................................................................................................34
5.4 Werkingsmodaliteiten................................................................................................................34
5.5 Verklaringsgronden voor private opsporing...............................................................................34
5.5.1 Private opsporing vs. publieke opsporing............................................................................35
5.5.2 Private opsporing is delicaat................................................................................................35
5.6 Bilan detectivewet......................................................................................................................36
5.6.1 Algemeen.............................................................................................................................36
5.6.2 Detectivewet en Privacywetgeving......................................................................................36
5.6.3 Handvaten voor toekomstige wetgeving.............................................................................40
H6 – De evolutie van private veiligheid in België (1830-1990).........................................................41
6.1 Context en conceptuele omkadering (private) veiligheidszorg...................................................41
6.1.1 Theoretische benadering ‘private veiligheid’.......................................................................41
6.1.3 Historisch overzicht.............................................................................................................41
6.1.2 Verhouding t.o.v. de publieke sector (de Staat)...................................................................41
6.2 Burgerwacht (1830-1920)...........................................................................................................42
6.2.1 Ontstaan en einde...............................................................................................................42
6.2.2 Wetgeving............................................................................................................................43
6.2.3 Conclusie..............................................................................................................................44
6.3 Private bewakingssector (1907-1990)........................................................................................44
6.3.1 Ontstaan en evolutie...........................................................................................................44
6.3.2 Regulering en controle tot Wet Tobback.............................................................................46
H7 – Private Veiligheid en Security Management: een verstandshuwelijk?.....................................54
7.1 Wet op Private en Bijzondere Veiligheid....................................................................................54
, 7.1.1 Wettelijk kader: overzicht....................................................................................................54
7.1.2 Private veiligheid: veiligheidsadvies.....................................................................................54
7.2 Maatschappelijke context...........................................................................................................56
7.2.1 Change en trends.................................................................................................................56
7.2.2 Het nieuwe betrokken paradigma.......................................................................................57
7.3 Security Management.................................................................................................................57
7.3.1 Dreiging is risico?.................................................................................................................57
7.3.2 Risico....................................................................................................................................58
7.4 Beveiligingsconcept....................................................................................................................61
7.4.1 Traditionele benadering......................................................................................................61
7.4.2 Beveiligingsconcept.............................................................................................................62
7.5 Strategie loont............................................................................................................................63
7.6 Verstandshuwelijk......................................................................................................................63
7.6.1 Algemeen.............................................................................................................................63
7.6.2 Evolutie van wetgever.........................................................................................................64
7.6.3 Ervaring van de sector.........................................................................................................64
H8 – Beleid Private Veiligheid: strategisch en operationeel.............................................................65
8.1 Introductie Directie Private Veiligheid........................................................................................65
8.2 Private Veiligheid: strategisch beleid..........................................................................................67
8.2.1 Ontwikkeling........................................................................................................................67
8.2.2 Traject..................................................................................................................................68
8.2.3 Case-study o.b.v. WPV en WPO...........................................................................................70
8.3 Private Veiligheid: operationeel beleid.......................................................................................76
8.3.1 Proactieve en reactieve handhaving....................................................................................76
8.3.2 Ondernemingen en interne diensten...................................................................................76
8.3.3 Personeel.............................................................................................................................77
8.3.4 Controle en sancties............................................................................................................78
H9 – Gelukt en minder gelukt beleid...............................................................................................80
9.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................80
9.2 Case 1: Horecaportiers................................................................................................................80
9.3 Case 2: Beveiligd vervoer............................................................................................................83
9.4 Case 3: Alarmbeleid....................................................................................................................86
H10 – Enkele recente ontwikkelingen..............................................................................................88
10.1 Private bewaking......................................................................................................................88
10.2 Private bestraffing....................................................................................................................88
Wetenschappen
Opleiding Criminologische Wetenschappen
Academiejaar 2021 - 2022 KATHOLIEKE
UNIVERSITEIT
LEUVEN
PRIVATE VEILIGHEIDSZORG:
SAMENVATTING
PROF. JAN CAPELLE
DERDE BACHELOR CRIMINOLOGIE, TWEEDE SEMESTER
,Inhoudsopgave
1 – Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Private veiligheidszorg: wat bedoelen we?...................................................................................5
1.1.1 Kerndomeinen.......................................................................................................................5
1.1.2 Organisatievormen................................................................................................................6
1.2 Private veiligheid: definitie?.........................................................................................................7
H2 – Verklaringsmodellen.................................................................................................................8
2.1 Evolutie private veiligheid in België..............................................................................................8
2.2 Wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Junior Partner-theorie...........................................................................................................9
2.2.2 Economische theorie...........................................................................................................10
2.2.3 JP-theorie vs. Economische theorie.....................................................................................11
2.2.4 Bedenkingen bij de theorieën..............................................................................................11
H3 – Belgische regelgeving..............................................................................................................13
3.1 Overzicht.....................................................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Actoren................................................................................................................................13
3.1.2 Gebruikers...........................................................................................................................13
3.2 Wet tot regeling van de private en bijzondere veiligheid...........................................................13
3.3 Enkele bijzondere actoren..........................................................................................................14
3.3.1 Overzicht..............................................................................................................................14
3.3.2 Bijzondere veldwachters......................................................................................................14
3.3.3 Seingevers wielerwedstrijden..............................................................................................15
3.3.4 Stewards autorally’s.............................................................................................................17
3.4 Extra: antwoorden op vragen.....................................................................................................17
H4 – Wet Private en bijzondere Veiligheid (WPV)............................................................................19
4.1 Vergunningsstelsel, vergunningsvoorwaarden en minimumvereisten.......................................19
4.1.1 Vergunningsstelsel ondernemingen....................................................................................19
4.1.2 Vergunningsvoorwaarden....................................................................................................19
4.1.3 Bijkomende voorwaarden vernieuwing vergunning (art. 41 WPV)......................................20
4.1.4 Minimumvereisten bewaking (KB 2021)..............................................................................20
4.1.5 Verplichtingen ondernemingen / diensten..........................................................................21
4.2 Persooneelsvoorwaarden...........................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Soorten personeel...............................................................................................................22
, 4.2.2 Doelstellingen en instrumenten..........................................................................................22
4.3 Middelen en methoden..............................................................................................................24
4.3.1 Opleidingen.........................................................................................................................24
4.3.2 Identificatiekaarten..............................................................................................................26
4.4 Bewaking....................................................................................................................................28
4.4.1 Bevoegdheden en verplichtingen........................................................................................28
4.4.2 Opdrachten met veiligheidsrisico........................................................................................29
4.4.3 Middelen..............................................................................................................................29
4.4.4 Bevoegdheden.....................................................................................................................30
4.4.5 Procedures voor specifieke activiteiten...............................................................................31
H5 – Wet Privédetectives (WPD).....................................................................................................32
5.1 Toepassingsgebied......................................................................................................................32
5.2 Vergunningsstelsel......................................................................................................................33
5.3 Uitoefeningsvoorwaarden..........................................................................................................34
5.4 Werkingsmodaliteiten................................................................................................................34
5.5 Verklaringsgronden voor private opsporing...............................................................................34
5.5.1 Private opsporing vs. publieke opsporing............................................................................35
5.5.2 Private opsporing is delicaat................................................................................................35
5.6 Bilan detectivewet......................................................................................................................36
5.6.1 Algemeen.............................................................................................................................36
5.6.2 Detectivewet en Privacywetgeving......................................................................................36
5.6.3 Handvaten voor toekomstige wetgeving.............................................................................40
H6 – De evolutie van private veiligheid in België (1830-1990).........................................................41
6.1 Context en conceptuele omkadering (private) veiligheidszorg...................................................41
6.1.1 Theoretische benadering ‘private veiligheid’.......................................................................41
6.1.3 Historisch overzicht.............................................................................................................41
6.1.2 Verhouding t.o.v. de publieke sector (de Staat)...................................................................41
6.2 Burgerwacht (1830-1920)...........................................................................................................42
6.2.1 Ontstaan en einde...............................................................................................................42
6.2.2 Wetgeving............................................................................................................................43
6.2.3 Conclusie..............................................................................................................................44
6.3 Private bewakingssector (1907-1990)........................................................................................44
6.3.1 Ontstaan en evolutie...........................................................................................................44
6.3.2 Regulering en controle tot Wet Tobback.............................................................................46
H7 – Private Veiligheid en Security Management: een verstandshuwelijk?.....................................54
7.1 Wet op Private en Bijzondere Veiligheid....................................................................................54
, 7.1.1 Wettelijk kader: overzicht....................................................................................................54
7.1.2 Private veiligheid: veiligheidsadvies.....................................................................................54
7.2 Maatschappelijke context...........................................................................................................56
7.2.1 Change en trends.................................................................................................................56
7.2.2 Het nieuwe betrokken paradigma.......................................................................................57
7.3 Security Management.................................................................................................................57
7.3.1 Dreiging is risico?.................................................................................................................57
7.3.2 Risico....................................................................................................................................58
7.4 Beveiligingsconcept....................................................................................................................61
7.4.1 Traditionele benadering......................................................................................................61
7.4.2 Beveiligingsconcept.............................................................................................................62
7.5 Strategie loont............................................................................................................................63
7.6 Verstandshuwelijk......................................................................................................................63
7.6.1 Algemeen.............................................................................................................................63
7.6.2 Evolutie van wetgever.........................................................................................................64
7.6.3 Ervaring van de sector.........................................................................................................64
H8 – Beleid Private Veiligheid: strategisch en operationeel.............................................................65
8.1 Introductie Directie Private Veiligheid........................................................................................65
8.2 Private Veiligheid: strategisch beleid..........................................................................................67
8.2.1 Ontwikkeling........................................................................................................................67
8.2.2 Traject..................................................................................................................................68
8.2.3 Case-study o.b.v. WPV en WPO...........................................................................................70
8.3 Private Veiligheid: operationeel beleid.......................................................................................76
8.3.1 Proactieve en reactieve handhaving....................................................................................76
8.3.2 Ondernemingen en interne diensten...................................................................................76
8.3.3 Personeel.............................................................................................................................77
8.3.4 Controle en sancties............................................................................................................78
H9 – Gelukt en minder gelukt beleid...............................................................................................80
9.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................80
9.2 Case 1: Horecaportiers................................................................................................................80
9.3 Case 2: Beveiligd vervoer............................................................................................................83
9.4 Case 3: Alarmbeleid....................................................................................................................86
H10 – Enkele recente ontwikkelingen..............................................................................................88
10.1 Private bewaking......................................................................................................................88
10.2 Private bestraffing....................................................................................................................88
