Unit 12 Assignment 1- Diseases and
Infections
P1 & P2:
Pathogen Disease Effect Symptoms
Virus HIV Weight loss. Tuberculosis and
colds.
Bacteria Tuberculosis. Lung, Brain, Kidney, Cough, Loss of
or Spine. appetite, Fever,
Chills, Night sweats.
Parasites Amoebiasis. Severe abdominal Diarrhea, Stomach
pain and diarrhea. pain, Cramping,
Fever, Nausea, Loss
of appetite.
Fungus Candidiasis. Blood, Heart, Brain, Itchiness, Painful
Eyes. feeling in genitals.
Protozoa Malaria. Severe anemia. Chills, Fevers, and
Flu-like illness.
Virus: Viruses are infectious agents with both living and nonliving characteristics. They can infect
animals, plants, and even other microorganisms. Viruses that infect only bacteria are called
bacteriophages and those that infect only fungi are termed microphages. There are even some viruses
called virophages that infect other viruses.
Bacteria: Bacteria are single-celled organisms. They lack organelles such as chloroplasts and
mitochondria, and they do not have the true nucleus found in eukaryotic cells. Instead, their DNA, a
double strand that is continuous and circular, is located in a nucleoid. The nucleoid is an irregularly
shaped region that does not have a nuclear membrane. Bacteria also have a cell membrane and a cell wall
that is often made of peptidoglycan. Together, the cell membrane and cell wall are referred to as the cell
envelope. Many bacteria need a cell wall in order to survive. Reproduction occurs through binary fission,
which is the splitting of a bacterial cell after it reaches a certain size. Bacteria reproduce asexually, so the
two daughter cells that result from binary fission have the same DNA as the parent cell. However, some
bacteria can also exchange genetic material among one another in a process known as horizontal gene
transfer. This method involves two already existing bacteria; it is not a form of transmission from parent
to child.
Parasites: PARASITES, are organisms that live in or on other organisms (called hosts), at whose
expense they obtain food, shelter, or some other benefit. The parasite-host association resembles
the predatory prey association in that both parasites and predators benefit from the association,
while both hosts and prey are harmed by it. Parasites generally differ from predators in several
respects, however. Parasites are typically smaller than their hosts, while predators are typically
larger than their prey.
1
, Fungi: Fungi are eukaryotic, i.e. their cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles. Fungi have cell walls* (plants also have cell walls, but animals
have no cell walls). Fungi cell walls are composed mainly of a carbohydrate called chitin*, while
plant cell walls are composed mainly of cellulose. Fungi are achlorophyllous, which means they
lack the chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplasts in plant cells and which are necessary
for photosynthesis. Fungi are therefore incapable of photosynthesis. The (carbohydrate) molecule
used to store energy in fungi is glycogen. Glycogen is also used to store energy in the muscle and
liver cells of animals, but plants have a different storage molecule, called starch. Fungi are
heterotrophs, which means that they obtain nutrients by absorption.
Protozoa: Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can multiply in humans. These parasites can
spread through contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and insect bites. Protozoa
includes Plasmodium malariae, which causes malaria infection, and Cryptosporidium, which is
ingestible.
Disease Cause Effect Symptoms Type
Sickle cell Blood cell Oxygen cannot Tiredness, Genetic
anemia mutation. be carried by red Anemia, Pain in
blood cells. the body.
Diabetes Auto-immune, High blood Thirst, Frequent Dietary
unknown cause. glucose can urination,
damage the Extreme hunger.
body’s organs.
Osteoarthritis Breakdown of Chronic pain. Pain, Stiffness, Degenerative
cartilage. Tenderness.
Asthma Environmental/ Wheezing, Shortness of Environmental
Outdoor Breathlessness, breath,
allergens Tight chest, Coughing,
(pollens from Coughing. Wheezing.
grass).
The lytic cycle
During the lytic cycle, the virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects either its DNA or RNA
into the host. It reproduces itself (the virus) and causes the host to reproduce itself, causing the
host's cell membrane to rupture, which allows the new viruses to penetrate through and infect
other cells. The lytic cycle is the result of this process.
The lysogenic cycle
2
Infections
P1 & P2:
Pathogen Disease Effect Symptoms
Virus HIV Weight loss. Tuberculosis and
colds.
Bacteria Tuberculosis. Lung, Brain, Kidney, Cough, Loss of
or Spine. appetite, Fever,
Chills, Night sweats.
Parasites Amoebiasis. Severe abdominal Diarrhea, Stomach
pain and diarrhea. pain, Cramping,
Fever, Nausea, Loss
of appetite.
Fungus Candidiasis. Blood, Heart, Brain, Itchiness, Painful
Eyes. feeling in genitals.
Protozoa Malaria. Severe anemia. Chills, Fevers, and
Flu-like illness.
Virus: Viruses are infectious agents with both living and nonliving characteristics. They can infect
animals, plants, and even other microorganisms. Viruses that infect only bacteria are called
bacteriophages and those that infect only fungi are termed microphages. There are even some viruses
called virophages that infect other viruses.
Bacteria: Bacteria are single-celled organisms. They lack organelles such as chloroplasts and
mitochondria, and they do not have the true nucleus found in eukaryotic cells. Instead, their DNA, a
double strand that is continuous and circular, is located in a nucleoid. The nucleoid is an irregularly
shaped region that does not have a nuclear membrane. Bacteria also have a cell membrane and a cell wall
that is often made of peptidoglycan. Together, the cell membrane and cell wall are referred to as the cell
envelope. Many bacteria need a cell wall in order to survive. Reproduction occurs through binary fission,
which is the splitting of a bacterial cell after it reaches a certain size. Bacteria reproduce asexually, so the
two daughter cells that result from binary fission have the same DNA as the parent cell. However, some
bacteria can also exchange genetic material among one another in a process known as horizontal gene
transfer. This method involves two already existing bacteria; it is not a form of transmission from parent
to child.
Parasites: PARASITES, are organisms that live in or on other organisms (called hosts), at whose
expense they obtain food, shelter, or some other benefit. The parasite-host association resembles
the predatory prey association in that both parasites and predators benefit from the association,
while both hosts and prey are harmed by it. Parasites generally differ from predators in several
respects, however. Parasites are typically smaller than their hosts, while predators are typically
larger than their prey.
1
, Fungi: Fungi are eukaryotic, i.e. their cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles. Fungi have cell walls* (plants also have cell walls, but animals
have no cell walls). Fungi cell walls are composed mainly of a carbohydrate called chitin*, while
plant cell walls are composed mainly of cellulose. Fungi are achlorophyllous, which means they
lack the chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplasts in plant cells and which are necessary
for photosynthesis. Fungi are therefore incapable of photosynthesis. The (carbohydrate) molecule
used to store energy in fungi is glycogen. Glycogen is also used to store energy in the muscle and
liver cells of animals, but plants have a different storage molecule, called starch. Fungi are
heterotrophs, which means that they obtain nutrients by absorption.
Protozoa: Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can multiply in humans. These parasites can
spread through contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and insect bites. Protozoa
includes Plasmodium malariae, which causes malaria infection, and Cryptosporidium, which is
ingestible.
Disease Cause Effect Symptoms Type
Sickle cell Blood cell Oxygen cannot Tiredness, Genetic
anemia mutation. be carried by red Anemia, Pain in
blood cells. the body.
Diabetes Auto-immune, High blood Thirst, Frequent Dietary
unknown cause. glucose can urination,
damage the Extreme hunger.
body’s organs.
Osteoarthritis Breakdown of Chronic pain. Pain, Stiffness, Degenerative
cartilage. Tenderness.
Asthma Environmental/ Wheezing, Shortness of Environmental
Outdoor Breathlessness, breath,
allergens Tight chest, Coughing,
(pollens from Coughing. Wheezing.
grass).
The lytic cycle
During the lytic cycle, the virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects either its DNA or RNA
into the host. It reproduces itself (the virus) and causes the host to reproduce itself, causing the
host's cell membrane to rupture, which allows the new viruses to penetrate through and infect
other cells. The lytic cycle is the result of this process.
The lysogenic cycle
2
