Pathophysiology Final Chapter 13-22

Pathophysiology Final Chapter 13-22. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS 1. Epiglottitis- is inflammation of the epiglottis—the flap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea (windpipe). Symptoms are usually rapid in onset and include trouble swallowing which can result in drooling, changes to the voice, fever, and an increased breathing rate. ( common in children 3-7yrs)  Etiology: bacterial infection of the epiglottis. caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B with immunization this is no longer the case.  Signs and Symptoms: fever, throat pain, difficulty in swallowing, drooling, hoarseness of voice, and stridor. Onset is typically over a day. 2. Influenza (Flu)- is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs.  Etiology: travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. Type A the most prevalent pathogen preventing effective immune.  Signs and Symptoms: Fever over 100.4 F (38 C), Aching muscles, Chills and sweats, Headache, Dry, persistent cough, Fatigue and weakness, Nasal congestion, Sore throat 3. RSV Bronchiolitis- is the major cause of infections of the breathing passages and lungs in infants and young children.  Etiology: occurs when a virus infects the bronchioles, which are the smallest airways in your lungs. The infection makes the bronchioles swell and become inflamed. Mucus collects in these airways, which makes it difficult for air to flow freely in and out of the lungs.  Signs and Symptoms: Runny nose, Stuffy nose, Cough, Slight fever (not always present) 4. Pnuemonia- is an infection in the lungs that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.  Etiology: The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe  Signs and Symptoms: Chest pain when you breathe or cough, Confusion or, changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older), Cough, which may produce phlegm, Fatigue, Fever, sweating and shaking chills. 5. Emphysema- is a lung condition that causes SOB. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged.  Etiology: Tobacco smoke,Marijuana smoke, Air pollution, Chemical fumes and dust  Signs and Symptoms: SOB, Pathophysiology Final Chapter 13-22 Chapter 13. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS 6. Cystic Fibrosis- is an inherited disease characterized by the buildup of thick, sticky mucus that can damage many of the body's organs.  Etiology: A defect in the CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis (CF). This gene makes a protein that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of your body's cells. autosomal recessive pattern.  Signs and Symptoms: salty skin 7. Chronic Bronchitis- acute or chronic is an inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lungs. People who have bronchitis often cough up thickened mucus, which can be discolored.  Etiology: caused by viruses, history of cigarette smoking or living in an urban or industrial area. typically the same viruses that cause colds and flu (influenza).  Signs and Symptoms: Cough, Production of mucus (sputum), Fatigue SOB. 8. TB- is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects your lungs. Spread by droplet when a person sneezes or coughs.  Etiology: is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air. untreated, active form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sing can be transmitted.  Signs and Symptoms: Coughing up blood Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing, Unintentional weight loss, Fatigue, Fever Chapter 14 NERVOUS SYSTEMS DISORDERS 9. Increased Intracranial Pressure- A brain injury or another medical condition can cause growing pressure inside your skull. This dangerous condition is called increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and can lead to a headache. The pressure also further injure your brain or spinal cord.  Etiology: Too much cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid around your brain and spinal cord), Bleeding into the brain, Swelling in the brain, Aneurysm Blood pooling in some part of the brain, Brain or head injury, Brain tumor  Signs and Symptoms: Headache, Blurred vision, Feeling less alert than usual, Vomiting Pathophysiology Final Chapter 13-22 Chapter 14 NERVOUS SYSTEMS DISORDERS 10. Cerebral Anuerysm- is a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel in the brain. A brain aneurysm can leak or rupture, causing bleeding into the brain (hemorrhagic stroke)  Etiology: The causes of brain aneurysm are unknown  Signs and Symptoms: ruptured aneurysm ("worst headache" ever experienced.) lifethreatening. 11. Cerebral Vascular Accident- (Stroke)- A stroke is when blood flow to a part of your brain is stopped either by a blockage or the rupture of a blood vessel.  Etiology: caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).  Signs and Symptoms: difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance and coordination, difficulty speaking or understanding others who are speaking, numbness or paralysis in the face, leg, or arm, blurred or darkened vision, a sudden headache, 12. Meningitis- is a rare infection that affects the delicate membranes -- called meninges. is an inflammation and swelling of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.  Etiology: caused by a bacterial or viral infection that begins somewhere else in the body besides the brain, like your ears, sinuses, or throat.  Signs and Symptoms: Stiff neck, Headache, which can be severe, High fever, Confusion, Nausea or vomiting 13. Shingles or (Herpes Zoster) is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Infection of varicella or chickenpox usually occurs in children.  Etiology: is caused by the varicella-zoster virus — the same virus that causes chickenpox. Anyone who's had chickenpox may develop shingles. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus can enter your nervous system and lie dormant for years.  Signs and Symptoms: A red rash that begins a few days after the pain, Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over, Itching, Pain, burning, numbness or tingling. Sensitivity to touch. 14. Reyes Syndromes- is a rare but serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. often affects children and teenagers recovering from a viral infection, most commonly the flu or chickenpox.  Etiology: cause is unknown.  Signs and Symptoms: lethargy, headache, and vomiting. Pathophysiology Final Chapter 13-22 Chapter 14 NERVOUS SYSTEMS DISORDERS 15. Hydrocephalus- or “water on the brain,” is a condition associated with a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in or around the brain. The infant cranial sutures have not yet closed yet.  Etiology: is often congenital, meaning babies are born with it, but infants and children can develop it as well. It may linked to genetic defect  Signs and Symptoms: An unusually large head, A rapid increase in the size of the head, A bulging or tense soft spot (fontanel) on the top of the head 16. Spina Bifida- is a birth neural defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don't form properly.  Etiology: Doctors aren't certain, it appears to result from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors, such as a family history of neural tube defects and folate deficiency.  Signs and Symptoms: Meningocele (The membranes around the spinal cord push out through an opening in the vertebrae, forming a sac filled with fluid, but this sac doesn't include the spinal cord) and Myelomeningocele are visible as a protruding sac over the spine. Chapter 15 DISORDERS of the EYES, EARS, & others SENSORY ORGANS 17. Cataracs- is a clouding of the normally clear lens of your eye.  Etiology: develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up your eye's lens. Some inherited genetic disorders that cause other health problems can increase your risk of cataracts.  Signs and Symptoms: Clouded, blurred or dim vision, Increasing difficulty with vision at night, Sensitivity to light and glare 18. Macular Degeneration- common cause of visual loss in older persons. Appears to arise from a combination of genetic factors & environmental exposure uv rays & drugs.  Etiology: No one knows exactly cause  Signs and Symptoms: Visual distortions, Reduced central vision in one or both eyes Pathophysiology Final Chapter 13-22 Chapter 15 DISORDERS of the EYES, EARS, & others SENSORY ORGANS 19. Glaucoma- eye conditions that damage the optic nerve often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye.  Etiology: result of damage to the optic nerve. As this nerve gradually deteriorates, blind spots develop in your visual field.  Signs and Symptoms: Patchy blind spots in your side (peripheral) or central vision, 20. Otitis Media- An ear infection (acute otitis media) is most often a bacterial or viral infection that affects the middle ear, the air-filled space behind the eardrum that contains the tiny vibrating bones of the ear.  Etiology: caused by a bacterium or virus in the middle ear. This infection often results from another illness — cold, flu or allergy — that causes congestion and swelling of the nasal passages, throat and eustachian tubes.  Signs and Symptoms: Ear pain, especially when lying down, Tugging or pulling at an ear, Difficulty sleeping, Crying more than usual. 21. Otosclerosis- is a rare condition that causes hearing loss. It happens when a small bone in your middle ear -- usually the one called the stapes -- gets stuck in place.  Etiology: caused by an abnormal growth of bone in the ears, which causes hearing loss.  Signs and Symptoms: hearing loss * (oto) “ear”, (sclero)- “hard” 22. Menierres Disease- is a disorder of the inner ear or labyrinth that causes severe dizziness (vertigo), ringing in the ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness or congestion in the ear. Ménière’s disease usually affects only one ear.  Etiology: caused by the buildup of fluid in the compartments of the inner ear, called the labyrinth. cause of Meniere's disease is unknown  Signs and Symptoms: severe dizziness (vertigo), ringing in the ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness or congestion in the ear 23. Conductive Hearing Loss-(deafness) When sound is blocked due to problems with the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear and its little bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes). When sound is blocked  Etiology: Malformation of outer ear, ear canal, or middle ear structure, Fluid in the middle ear from colds, Ear infection, Allergies  Signs and Symptoms: Pathophysiology Final Chapter 13-22 Chapter 15 DISORDERS of the EYES, EARS, & others SENSORY ORGANS 24. Sensorinueral Hearing Loss- is due to problems of the inner ear, also known as nerverelated hearing loss.  Etiology: Exposure to loud, Aging (presbycusis),Head trauma,Virus or disease, Autoimmune inner ear...................