Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #1 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 6, 12, and 13
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include?
- The study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function
- etiology (the cause), pathogenesis (manner of development), clinical manifestations, and
treatment
2. Review the difference between signs and symptoms/objective versus subjective data
- Signs: objective or observed manifestation (example: rash, change in temp)
- Symptoms: subjective feeling of abnormality (example: pain, nausea)
3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary,
and tertiary as well as examples for each.
- study of the patterns of disease involving populations
- Primary: preventing illness before it occurs (example: vaccine, hand washing,
education, PPE)
- Secondary: early detection and screening, as to manage and prevent from getting
worse. (mammograms, pap smears, testicular check, blood work, etc.)
- Tertiary: prevent further complications from arising from the original cause. (example:
stroke: recommend physical therapy)
4. What is homeostasis?
- state of balance or equilibrium through maintenance of internal conditions
5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) including the alarm stage,
adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion stage. What complications can occur if stressors are not
resolved?
- Alarm Stage: fight or flight response to stressful stimulus.
- Catecholamines consist of norepinephrine and epinephrine that increase BP, dilate pupils,
increase HR, inhibit stomach activity,
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): causes adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids,
specifically cortisol; which may increase blood glucose to provide energy.
- prolonged stress can reduce bodies immunity if stress factor is not removed
- Adaptation/Resistance stage: activity of nervous and endocrine system returning body to homestasis,
body must move past alarm stage.
- Exhaustion Stage: point where body can not return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure
(example is PTSD)
6. What hormones are released during the alarm stage and what effects do they have on the body?
- Catecholamines which are the norepinephrine and epinephrine
, 7. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What
happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response?
- pupil dilation
- increase HR, RR, BP,
- decreased intestine motility, urine production
8. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome,
lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus
nucleus: control center or brain of cell (DNA and genes stored here), production of messenger RNA that
contains instruction to build body’s protein
mitochondria: power house of the cell, energy to cell is called ATP, have own set of DNA
ribosomes: site of protein production from RNA messenger
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): folded membranes that move proteins around cell
Rough ER: ribsomes attached to ER, site pf protein synthesis
Smooth ER: ribosomes not attached to smooth ER, functions include: detox, lipid metabolism, synthesis
of hormones, calcium storage
Golgi Apparatus: flattened membrane that sorts and packages proteins, moves material within and out
of cell (packaging plant or like UPS)
lysosome: spherical membraneous organelle that contains digestive enzymes (lysis = breakdown).
Digest
9. Review the differences between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. Which electrolytes are found
in high concentration outside the cell versus inside the cell?
ECF: sodium, chloride, sodium bicarb
ICF: potassium, magnesium, hydrogen phosphate
10. Review how fluid is transported across the plasma membrane of the cell. Review the difference
between diffusion and osmosis.
Passive transport: no energy,
- diffusion
- osmosis: movement of water, from high water concentration to low concentration of water
Active Transport
11. Review ways that fluids enter the human body (intake) versus ways fluid is excreted (output) out of the
body.
12. Review the differences between dehydration and hypotonic hydration. What are signs, symptoms, and
causes for each?
Dehydration: water output exceeds intake over a period of time.
- Example: vomiting, then Extracellular Fluid (ECF) decreases, body tries to maintain
homeostasis, hence Intracellular fluid (ICF) pours into the ECF, therefore leading to
shrinkage of cell.
- Prolonged dehydration leads to weight loss, fever, mental confusion, and hypovolemic
shock (decreased blood volume)
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 6, 12, and 13
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include?
- The study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function
- etiology (the cause), pathogenesis (manner of development), clinical manifestations, and
treatment
2. Review the difference between signs and symptoms/objective versus subjective data
- Signs: objective or observed manifestation (example: rash, change in temp)
- Symptoms: subjective feeling of abnormality (example: pain, nausea)
3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary,
and tertiary as well as examples for each.
- study of the patterns of disease involving populations
- Primary: preventing illness before it occurs (example: vaccine, hand washing,
education, PPE)
- Secondary: early detection and screening, as to manage and prevent from getting
worse. (mammograms, pap smears, testicular check, blood work, etc.)
- Tertiary: prevent further complications from arising from the original cause. (example:
stroke: recommend physical therapy)
4. What is homeostasis?
- state of balance or equilibrium through maintenance of internal conditions
5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) including the alarm stage,
adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion stage. What complications can occur if stressors are not
resolved?
- Alarm Stage: fight or flight response to stressful stimulus.
- Catecholamines consist of norepinephrine and epinephrine that increase BP, dilate pupils,
increase HR, inhibit stomach activity,
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): causes adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids,
specifically cortisol; which may increase blood glucose to provide energy.
- prolonged stress can reduce bodies immunity if stress factor is not removed
- Adaptation/Resistance stage: activity of nervous and endocrine system returning body to homestasis,
body must move past alarm stage.
- Exhaustion Stage: point where body can not return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure
(example is PTSD)
6. What hormones are released during the alarm stage and what effects do they have on the body?
- Catecholamines which are the norepinephrine and epinephrine
, 7. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What
happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response?
- pupil dilation
- increase HR, RR, BP,
- decreased intestine motility, urine production
8. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome,
lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus
nucleus: control center or brain of cell (DNA and genes stored here), production of messenger RNA that
contains instruction to build body’s protein
mitochondria: power house of the cell, energy to cell is called ATP, have own set of DNA
ribosomes: site of protein production from RNA messenger
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): folded membranes that move proteins around cell
Rough ER: ribsomes attached to ER, site pf protein synthesis
Smooth ER: ribosomes not attached to smooth ER, functions include: detox, lipid metabolism, synthesis
of hormones, calcium storage
Golgi Apparatus: flattened membrane that sorts and packages proteins, moves material within and out
of cell (packaging plant or like UPS)
lysosome: spherical membraneous organelle that contains digestive enzymes (lysis = breakdown).
Digest
9. Review the differences between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. Which electrolytes are found
in high concentration outside the cell versus inside the cell?
ECF: sodium, chloride, sodium bicarb
ICF: potassium, magnesium, hydrogen phosphate
10. Review how fluid is transported across the plasma membrane of the cell. Review the difference
between diffusion and osmosis.
Passive transport: no energy,
- diffusion
- osmosis: movement of water, from high water concentration to low concentration of water
Active Transport
11. Review ways that fluids enter the human body (intake) versus ways fluid is excreted (output) out of the
body.
12. Review the differences between dehydration and hypotonic hydration. What are signs, symptoms, and
causes for each?
Dehydration: water output exceeds intake over a period of time.
- Example: vomiting, then Extracellular Fluid (ECF) decreases, body tries to maintain
homeostasis, hence Intracellular fluid (ICF) pours into the ECF, therefore leading to
shrinkage of cell.
- Prolonged dehydration leads to weight loss, fever, mental confusion, and hypovolemic
shock (decreased blood volume)
