❖ The Rational (reasoning) – forbids the person
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF to enjoy sensual experiences; part that loves
truth
(1) The Self from Various Perspective ❖ The Spirited (feeling) – inclined toward
(2) Spiritual Self reason but understands the demand of
(3) Sociology passion; part that loves honor and victory
(4) Anthropology
(5) Psychology
ST. AUGUSTINE (13 NOVEMBER 354 – 28
AUGUST 430)
PHILOSOPHY “ALL KNOWLEDGE LEADS TO GOD”
➢ Greek words philo which means loving and ➢ Was a Theologian philosopher, and the
sophia means knowledge/wisdom. “loving bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman
knowledge” or “loving wisdom” North Africa.
➢ Study of the fundamental nature of ➢ He is viewed as one of the most important
knowledge, reality and existence especially Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the
in an academic discipline Patristic Period, and one of the most
➢ Academic discipline concerned with significant Christian thinkers
investigating the nature of significance of ➢ He was deeply influenced by Plato’s ideas, he
ordinary and scientific beliefs adopted Plato’s view the “self” is an
Greeks – the one who seriously questioned myths and immaterial (but rational) soul
moved away from them in attempting to understand The aspect of the self/soul:
reality and respond to perennial questions of ❖ It is able to be aware of itself
curiosity, including the question of self. ❖ It recognizes itself as a holistic one
❖ It is aware of its unity
THE PHILOSOPHERS
RENE DESCARTES (31 MARCH 1596-11
SOCRATES (470-399 BC) FEBRUARY 1650)
“I KNOW THAT I DON’T KNOW” “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM”
➢ A Greek philosopher from Athens who is ➢ Renatus Cartesius, a French philosopher,
credited as founder of Western Philosophy mathematician, and scientist
and the first moral philosopher of the ➢ One of the founders of modern philosophy
Western Ethical tradition of thought. and the father of modern western
➢ He was known for SOCRATIC METHOD, a philosophy, credited as the father of
method of inquiry in testing an idea, analytical geometry, also one of the key
whereby an idea is tested by asking a series figures in the scientific revolution, Cartesian
of questions to determine underlying beliefs coordinate was named after him
and the extent of knowledge to guide the ➢ His method was called HYPERBOLICAL/
person towards better understanding METAPHYSICAL DOUBT, also sometimes
➢ He said that existence is of two kinds: The referred to as METHODOLOGICAL
Invisible and The Visible SKEPETICISM
His claim about self are:
The visible existence changes while the invisible ❖ It is constant; it is not prone to change; and
existence remains constant (Connolly,2017) it is not affected by time
❖ Only the immaterial soul remains the same
Some of Socrates’ ideas were; throughout the time
❖ The soul is immortal ❖ The immaterial soul is the soul of our identity
❖ The care of the soul is the task of Philosophy DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN SOUL AND BODY:
❖ Virtue is necessary to attain happiness.
PLATO (428/427 or 424/423-348/347 BC)
“GOOD ACTIONS GIVE STRENGTH TO OURSELVES AND
INSPIRE GOOD ACTIONS IN OTHERS”
➢ Was an Athenian philosopher during the
Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder
of the Platonist school of thought and the
Academy, the first institution of higher
learning in the Western world.
➢ His philosophical method was what he
identified as collection and division JOHN LOCKE (29 AUGUST 1632-28 OCTOBER
(Phaedrus, 265e; Smith, 2015) 1704)
➢ He wrote the Socratic dialogue where “HUMAN MIND AT BIRTH IS A TABULA RASA, WHICH
Socrates was the main character and MEANS THAT KNOWLEDGE IS DERIVED FROM
, consciousness and this “self” consists of SIGMUND FREUD (6 MAY 1856-23 SEPTEMBER
sameness of consciousness 1939)
➢ He said that we are born without innate “WISH FULFILLMENT IS THE ROAD TO
ideas, and that knowledge is instead UNCONSCIOUSNESS.”
determined only by experience derived from ➢ Was an Austrian neurologist and the founder
sense perception, a concept now known as of psychoanalysis, a practice devised to treat
empiricism those who are mentally ill patient through
dialogue
❖ The person can be held accountable for part ➢ Philosopher. Physiologists, and Psychologists
behaviors ➢ One of the most influential thinkers of the
❖ A person could only be held for behaviors 20th century
they can remember PSYCHE
• Is the totality of the human mind, both
DAVID HUME (7 MAY 1711-25 AUGUST 1776) conscious and unconscious (Watson, 2014)
“ALL KNOWLEDGE IS DERIVED FROM HUMAN THREE LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
SENSES” ❖ Conscious- which deals awareness of
➢ Was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, present perceptions, feelings, thoughts,
historian, economist, librarian and essayist, memories, and fantasies at any particular
who is best known today for his highly moments;
influential system of philosophical ❖ Pre-conscious/Subconscious- which is
empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism related to data that can readily be brought to
➢ Was a fierce opponent of Descartes’ conscious; and
Rationalism ❖ Unconscious- which refers to date retained
➢ Hume is identified with the bundle theory but not easily available to the individual’s
wherein he described the “self” or person conscious awareness or scrutiny
(which Hume assumed to be the “mind”) as CENTRAL TO FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
a bundle or a collection of different WAS PROPOSED EXISTENCE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
perception that are moving in a very fast and AS:
successive manner. ❖ A repository for traumatic repressed
memories; and
❖ Rationalism- is the theory that reason, rather ❖ The source of anxiety-provoking drives that
than experience, is the foundation of all is socially or ethically unacceptable to the
knowledge individual
❖ Empiricism- is the origin of all knowledge is PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
experience • Is a personally theory based on the notion
that an individual gets motivated by unseen
- Emphasizes the role of experience and forces, controlled by the conscious and the
evidence (especially sensory perception) in rational thought
forming concepts, while discounting the STRUCTURES OF MIND/PSYCHE:
notion of innate ideas ❖ Id- operates on the pleasure principle
❖ Ego- operated according to the reality
IMMANUEL KANT (22 APRIL 1724-12 FEBRUARY principle. It considers social realties and
1804) norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how
“REASON IS THE FINAL AUTHORITY OF MORALITY. to behave
MORALITY IS ACHIEVED ONLY WHEN THERE IS ❖ Superego- incorporated the values and
ABSENCE OF WAR BECAUSE OF THE RESULT OF morals of society. It controls the id’s
ENLIGHTENMENT.” impulses
➢ Was a German philosopher and one of the o Conscience- if the ego gives in to
central enlightenment thinkers the id’s demands, the superego
➢ View the “self” that it is transcendental, may make the person feel bad
which means the “self” is related to a through guilt
spiritual or nonphysical realm o Ideal self- an imaginary picture of
TWO COMPONENTS OF SELF: how you ought to be
• Inner self- “self” by which you are aware of
alterations in your own state GILBERT RYLE (19 AUGUST 1900-6 OCTOBER
- Includes your rational intellect and 1976)
your psychological state, such as “I ACT, THEREFORE I AM.”
moods, feelings, sensation, ➢ Was a British philosopher, principally known
pleasure and pains for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for
• Outer self- includes your senses and the which he coined the phrase “ghost in the
physical world. It is the common boundary machine”, the idea that the mind is distinct
between the external world and internal self from the body
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF to enjoy sensual experiences; part that loves
truth
(1) The Self from Various Perspective ❖ The Spirited (feeling) – inclined toward
(2) Spiritual Self reason but understands the demand of
(3) Sociology passion; part that loves honor and victory
(4) Anthropology
(5) Psychology
ST. AUGUSTINE (13 NOVEMBER 354 – 28
AUGUST 430)
PHILOSOPHY “ALL KNOWLEDGE LEADS TO GOD”
➢ Greek words philo which means loving and ➢ Was a Theologian philosopher, and the
sophia means knowledge/wisdom. “loving bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman
knowledge” or “loving wisdom” North Africa.
➢ Study of the fundamental nature of ➢ He is viewed as one of the most important
knowledge, reality and existence especially Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the
in an academic discipline Patristic Period, and one of the most
➢ Academic discipline concerned with significant Christian thinkers
investigating the nature of significance of ➢ He was deeply influenced by Plato’s ideas, he
ordinary and scientific beliefs adopted Plato’s view the “self” is an
Greeks – the one who seriously questioned myths and immaterial (but rational) soul
moved away from them in attempting to understand The aspect of the self/soul:
reality and respond to perennial questions of ❖ It is able to be aware of itself
curiosity, including the question of self. ❖ It recognizes itself as a holistic one
❖ It is aware of its unity
THE PHILOSOPHERS
RENE DESCARTES (31 MARCH 1596-11
SOCRATES (470-399 BC) FEBRUARY 1650)
“I KNOW THAT I DON’T KNOW” “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM”
➢ A Greek philosopher from Athens who is ➢ Renatus Cartesius, a French philosopher,
credited as founder of Western Philosophy mathematician, and scientist
and the first moral philosopher of the ➢ One of the founders of modern philosophy
Western Ethical tradition of thought. and the father of modern western
➢ He was known for SOCRATIC METHOD, a philosophy, credited as the father of
method of inquiry in testing an idea, analytical geometry, also one of the key
whereby an idea is tested by asking a series figures in the scientific revolution, Cartesian
of questions to determine underlying beliefs coordinate was named after him
and the extent of knowledge to guide the ➢ His method was called HYPERBOLICAL/
person towards better understanding METAPHYSICAL DOUBT, also sometimes
➢ He said that existence is of two kinds: The referred to as METHODOLOGICAL
Invisible and The Visible SKEPETICISM
His claim about self are:
The visible existence changes while the invisible ❖ It is constant; it is not prone to change; and
existence remains constant (Connolly,2017) it is not affected by time
❖ Only the immaterial soul remains the same
Some of Socrates’ ideas were; throughout the time
❖ The soul is immortal ❖ The immaterial soul is the soul of our identity
❖ The care of the soul is the task of Philosophy DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN SOUL AND BODY:
❖ Virtue is necessary to attain happiness.
PLATO (428/427 or 424/423-348/347 BC)
“GOOD ACTIONS GIVE STRENGTH TO OURSELVES AND
INSPIRE GOOD ACTIONS IN OTHERS”
➢ Was an Athenian philosopher during the
Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder
of the Platonist school of thought and the
Academy, the first institution of higher
learning in the Western world.
➢ His philosophical method was what he
identified as collection and division JOHN LOCKE (29 AUGUST 1632-28 OCTOBER
(Phaedrus, 265e; Smith, 2015) 1704)
➢ He wrote the Socratic dialogue where “HUMAN MIND AT BIRTH IS A TABULA RASA, WHICH
Socrates was the main character and MEANS THAT KNOWLEDGE IS DERIVED FROM
, consciousness and this “self” consists of SIGMUND FREUD (6 MAY 1856-23 SEPTEMBER
sameness of consciousness 1939)
➢ He said that we are born without innate “WISH FULFILLMENT IS THE ROAD TO
ideas, and that knowledge is instead UNCONSCIOUSNESS.”
determined only by experience derived from ➢ Was an Austrian neurologist and the founder
sense perception, a concept now known as of psychoanalysis, a practice devised to treat
empiricism those who are mentally ill patient through
dialogue
❖ The person can be held accountable for part ➢ Philosopher. Physiologists, and Psychologists
behaviors ➢ One of the most influential thinkers of the
❖ A person could only be held for behaviors 20th century
they can remember PSYCHE
• Is the totality of the human mind, both
DAVID HUME (7 MAY 1711-25 AUGUST 1776) conscious and unconscious (Watson, 2014)
“ALL KNOWLEDGE IS DERIVED FROM HUMAN THREE LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
SENSES” ❖ Conscious- which deals awareness of
➢ Was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, present perceptions, feelings, thoughts,
historian, economist, librarian and essayist, memories, and fantasies at any particular
who is best known today for his highly moments;
influential system of philosophical ❖ Pre-conscious/Subconscious- which is
empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism related to data that can readily be brought to
➢ Was a fierce opponent of Descartes’ conscious; and
Rationalism ❖ Unconscious- which refers to date retained
➢ Hume is identified with the bundle theory but not easily available to the individual’s
wherein he described the “self” or person conscious awareness or scrutiny
(which Hume assumed to be the “mind”) as CENTRAL TO FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
a bundle or a collection of different WAS PROPOSED EXISTENCE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
perception that are moving in a very fast and AS:
successive manner. ❖ A repository for traumatic repressed
memories; and
❖ Rationalism- is the theory that reason, rather ❖ The source of anxiety-provoking drives that
than experience, is the foundation of all is socially or ethically unacceptable to the
knowledge individual
❖ Empiricism- is the origin of all knowledge is PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
experience • Is a personally theory based on the notion
that an individual gets motivated by unseen
- Emphasizes the role of experience and forces, controlled by the conscious and the
evidence (especially sensory perception) in rational thought
forming concepts, while discounting the STRUCTURES OF MIND/PSYCHE:
notion of innate ideas ❖ Id- operates on the pleasure principle
❖ Ego- operated according to the reality
IMMANUEL KANT (22 APRIL 1724-12 FEBRUARY principle. It considers social realties and
1804) norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how
“REASON IS THE FINAL AUTHORITY OF MORALITY. to behave
MORALITY IS ACHIEVED ONLY WHEN THERE IS ❖ Superego- incorporated the values and
ABSENCE OF WAR BECAUSE OF THE RESULT OF morals of society. It controls the id’s
ENLIGHTENMENT.” impulses
➢ Was a German philosopher and one of the o Conscience- if the ego gives in to
central enlightenment thinkers the id’s demands, the superego
➢ View the “self” that it is transcendental, may make the person feel bad
which means the “self” is related to a through guilt
spiritual or nonphysical realm o Ideal self- an imaginary picture of
TWO COMPONENTS OF SELF: how you ought to be
• Inner self- “self” by which you are aware of
alterations in your own state GILBERT RYLE (19 AUGUST 1900-6 OCTOBER
- Includes your rational intellect and 1976)
your psychological state, such as “I ACT, THEREFORE I AM.”
moods, feelings, sensation, ➢ Was a British philosopher, principally known
pleasure and pains for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for
• Outer self- includes your senses and the which he coined the phrase “ghost in the
physical world. It is the common boundary machine”, the idea that the mind is distinct
between the external world and internal self from the body
