NR I224 IExam I1 IStudy IOutline
The I following I is Ia I list Iof Iconcepts I for Iyou I to Iunderstand Ito Ibe Isuccessful Ion I Exam I1
• Infection IControl
o Measures Ito Iprevent Iinfection I–
Wash I hands Iwith Isoap Iand I water Iwhen I they Iare Isoiled Ior I visibly Idirty I with Iblood
IorIother Ibody I fluids; IWet I your Ihands, Iapply Isoap Iand Ithen Iscrub Ithem I vigorously I for
IatIleast I15 Iseconds; IUse Ian Ialcohol-based I hand I rub I(foam I in Iand Iout I when Ientering Ia
Ipatient’s Iroom)
o The Ichain Iof Iinfection Iand Iinte rventions Ito Iprevent Iat Ieach Istage
I–
o Modes Iof Itrans mission I– IContact I(direct/indirect), IDroplet, IAirborne,
IProtectiveIe nvironment
o I Define Istandard Iprecautions Iand Ispecific Iisolation Iprecautions, Iidentify
examples Iand IPPE Irequired IforIeach.
Airborne IPrecautions: IPatient IPlacement I– Iprivate Iroom Ithat Ihas I monitored I negative
Ipressure, Ior Iportable IHEPA Ifilter I in Iroom, Ikeep Ithe Iroom Idoor Iclosed Iand Ikeep
IpatientIin Iroom, Iwash I hands I with Iantimicrobial Iagent I immediately Ibefore I leaving Ithe
Ipatient’s Iroom. IRespiratory Iprotection I– Iwear Ian IN95 Irespiratory I mask, Ido I not
Iremove I until I after I leaving Iroom ISusceptible Ipersons Ishould I not Ienter Ithe Iroom Iof
Ipatients I with Iknown Ior Isuspected I measles I(rubeola) Ior Ivaricella I(chicken Ipox) I if
I immune Icaregivers Iare Iavailable, IPatient ITransport I– I limit I moved/transport Iof
IpatientsIfrom Iroom I to Iessential Ipurposes Ionly Iduring Itransport, Iplace Isurgical I mask Ion
Ithe Ipatient, I notify I receiving Idepartment Iof I isolation Iprecautions. IAnthrax, IFlu,
I measles, I TB, ICryptococcosis.
Droplet IPrecautions: IPatient IPlacement I– IPrivate Iroom/Wash Ihands I– Iwith
Iantimicrobial Iagent I immediately Iafter I mask/glove Iremoval Iand Ibefore I leaving Ithe
Ipatient’s I room I Respiratory IInfection I– I wear I mask Iwhen Ientering Ithe Iroom, Iremove
I mask Iat Iroom Ientrance Iand Idiscard Iprior I to I leaving Ithe Iroom/ IPatient ITransport I–
ILimit I the I movement, Itransport Iof Ipatients I for Iessential Ipurpose Ionly, Iduring
ItransportIp lace Isurgical I mask Ion Ithe Ipatient I notify Ireceiving Idepartment Iof I isolation
Iprecautions. ICommon Icold, IStrep, IScarlet I fever, Idiphtheria, I mumps, Ipertussis
I(whooping I cough), Ipneumonia, Iplague.
Protective I Environment IPrecautions I– IVisitors I report Ito I nurse’s Istation Ibefore
Ientering Iroom. INo Ione Iwith Ian I infection I may I visit IStaff- I in I addition Ito
IstandardIp recautions, Ievery Itime I you Ienter Iroom: I hand I hygiene I– Ibefore Iand
Iafter IpatientIcontact IMask I– Ipatient Ishould Iwear Ia Isurgical I mask I when Iout Iof
Iroom. IPatient
, Placement I– IPrivate Iroom. IPreferable Ito Ikeep Idoor Iclosed. INo Ilive Iplants Ior
I flowersIa re Iallowed I in Ipatient’s Iroom. IProtective Iprecautions Iare I used Ito Iprotect
Iseverely I immunocompromised Ipatients I(transplant Ipatients, I neutropenic Ipatients)
I from I the I hospital Ienvironment.
Contact IPrecautions Iare Idesigned Ito I reduce Ithe I risk Iof I transmission Iof I microorganisms Iby
Idirect Ior I indirect Icontact. IDirect Icontact Itransmission I involves Ithe Iphysical I transfer Iof
I microorganisms I to Ia Isusceptible I host I from Ian I infected Ior Icolonized Iperson. IIndirect Icontact
Itransmission I involves Icontact Iof Ia Isusceptible I host I with Ia Icontaminated I intermediate Iobject.
IExamples Iof IDiseases: I gastrointestinal I infections I(including Idiarrhea Iof I unknown Iorigin),
IwoundIa nd Iskin I infections I (e.g. I impetigo) Iand Icolonization Iwith I multidrug-resistant Ibacteria I(e.g.
I methicillin-resistant IStaphylococcus Iaureus I(MRSA)).
• Special IFactors:
o Private Iroom Ior Irooms I with Ia Ipatient/resident I who Ihas Ia Isimilar Idiagnosis.
o Patient/resident Ishould Istay I in Iroom Iexcept I for I medically I necessary Iprocedures
IorIt herapies.
o Gloves I for Iany Icontact Iwith Ipatient/resident Ior Itouching Ianything I in Ithe Iroom.
o Gown I if I it I is I likely I that Iclothing Iwill Ibe I in Icontact Iwith Iany Ipatient/resident Ior
IanyIsurfaces I in Ithe Ipatient/resident Icare Ienvironment.
o Mask Iand Ieye Iprotection I if Isplashing Ior Isplattering Iof Iany Icontaminated
IsubstanceIis I likely.
o Patient/resident Icare I items Isuch Ias Iblood Ipressure Icuff, Istethoscopes Ior
Ithermometer Ishould Ibe I “dedicated” I(used Ionly I for Ithat Ipatient/resident
IandId isinfected Ior Idiscarded Iafter Ithe Ipatient/resident I is Idischarged).
o I Body Idefenses Iagainst Iinfection, I who Iis Imore Iat Irisk Ifor Ideveloping Iinfections
o I Symptoms I of I infection I –
Symptoms I vary Iwidely, Ior Ithey I may Inot Ioccur Iat Iall. ISome Ipatients I have
Ifever,Ic hills, Ior I fatigue.
Most Icommon Itypes
Common Icold
Symptoms I include Ia Irunny Inose, Isneezing, Iand Icongestion. IHigh I fever Ior
IsevereIs ymptoms Iare Ireasons Ito Isee Ia Idoctor, Iespecially I in Ichildren.
Flu
Symptoms I include I fever, Ichills, I muscle Iaches, Icough, Icongestion, Irunny
Inose,Iheadaches, Iand I fatigue.
Strep Ithroat
Common Isymptoms I include Isore Ithroat, I fever, Iand Iswollen I lymph I nodes I in
ItheIneck. IRarely, Icomplications Ican I involve Ithe I heart Ior Ikidneys.
Urinary Itract I infection
The I following I is Ia I list Iof Iconcepts I for Iyou I to Iunderstand Ito Ibe Isuccessful Ion I Exam I1
• Infection IControl
o Measures Ito Iprevent Iinfection I–
Wash I hands Iwith Isoap Iand I water Iwhen I they Iare Isoiled Ior I visibly Idirty I with Iblood
IorIother Ibody I fluids; IWet I your Ihands, Iapply Isoap Iand Ithen Iscrub Ithem I vigorously I for
IatIleast I15 Iseconds; IUse Ian Ialcohol-based I hand I rub I(foam I in Iand Iout I when Ientering Ia
Ipatient’s Iroom)
o The Ichain Iof Iinfection Iand Iinte rventions Ito Iprevent Iat Ieach Istage
I–
o Modes Iof Itrans mission I– IContact I(direct/indirect), IDroplet, IAirborne,
IProtectiveIe nvironment
o I Define Istandard Iprecautions Iand Ispecific Iisolation Iprecautions, Iidentify
examples Iand IPPE Irequired IforIeach.
Airborne IPrecautions: IPatient IPlacement I– Iprivate Iroom Ithat Ihas I monitored I negative
Ipressure, Ior Iportable IHEPA Ifilter I in Iroom, Ikeep Ithe Iroom Idoor Iclosed Iand Ikeep
IpatientIin Iroom, Iwash I hands I with Iantimicrobial Iagent I immediately Ibefore I leaving Ithe
Ipatient’s Iroom. IRespiratory Iprotection I– Iwear Ian IN95 Irespiratory I mask, Ido I not
Iremove I until I after I leaving Iroom ISusceptible Ipersons Ishould I not Ienter Ithe Iroom Iof
Ipatients I with Iknown Ior Isuspected I measles I(rubeola) Ior Ivaricella I(chicken Ipox) I if
I immune Icaregivers Iare Iavailable, IPatient ITransport I– I limit I moved/transport Iof
IpatientsIfrom Iroom I to Iessential Ipurposes Ionly Iduring Itransport, Iplace Isurgical I mask Ion
Ithe Ipatient, I notify I receiving Idepartment Iof I isolation Iprecautions. IAnthrax, IFlu,
I measles, I TB, ICryptococcosis.
Droplet IPrecautions: IPatient IPlacement I– IPrivate Iroom/Wash Ihands I– Iwith
Iantimicrobial Iagent I immediately Iafter I mask/glove Iremoval Iand Ibefore I leaving Ithe
Ipatient’s I room I Respiratory IInfection I– I wear I mask Iwhen Ientering Ithe Iroom, Iremove
I mask Iat Iroom Ientrance Iand Idiscard Iprior I to I leaving Ithe Iroom/ IPatient ITransport I–
ILimit I the I movement, Itransport Iof Ipatients I for Iessential Ipurpose Ionly, Iduring
ItransportIp lace Isurgical I mask Ion Ithe Ipatient I notify Ireceiving Idepartment Iof I isolation
Iprecautions. ICommon Icold, IStrep, IScarlet I fever, Idiphtheria, I mumps, Ipertussis
I(whooping I cough), Ipneumonia, Iplague.
Protective I Environment IPrecautions I– IVisitors I report Ito I nurse’s Istation Ibefore
Ientering Iroom. INo Ione Iwith Ian I infection I may I visit IStaff- I in I addition Ito
IstandardIp recautions, Ievery Itime I you Ienter Iroom: I hand I hygiene I– Ibefore Iand
Iafter IpatientIcontact IMask I– Ipatient Ishould Iwear Ia Isurgical I mask I when Iout Iof
Iroom. IPatient
, Placement I– IPrivate Iroom. IPreferable Ito Ikeep Idoor Iclosed. INo Ilive Iplants Ior
I flowersIa re Iallowed I in Ipatient’s Iroom. IProtective Iprecautions Iare I used Ito Iprotect
Iseverely I immunocompromised Ipatients I(transplant Ipatients, I neutropenic Ipatients)
I from I the I hospital Ienvironment.
Contact IPrecautions Iare Idesigned Ito I reduce Ithe I risk Iof I transmission Iof I microorganisms Iby
Idirect Ior I indirect Icontact. IDirect Icontact Itransmission I involves Ithe Iphysical I transfer Iof
I microorganisms I to Ia Isusceptible I host I from Ian I infected Ior Icolonized Iperson. IIndirect Icontact
Itransmission I involves Icontact Iof Ia Isusceptible I host I with Ia Icontaminated I intermediate Iobject.
IExamples Iof IDiseases: I gastrointestinal I infections I(including Idiarrhea Iof I unknown Iorigin),
IwoundIa nd Iskin I infections I (e.g. I impetigo) Iand Icolonization Iwith I multidrug-resistant Ibacteria I(e.g.
I methicillin-resistant IStaphylococcus Iaureus I(MRSA)).
• Special IFactors:
o Private Iroom Ior Irooms I with Ia Ipatient/resident I who Ihas Ia Isimilar Idiagnosis.
o Patient/resident Ishould Istay I in Iroom Iexcept I for I medically I necessary Iprocedures
IorIt herapies.
o Gloves I for Iany Icontact Iwith Ipatient/resident Ior Itouching Ianything I in Ithe Iroom.
o Gown I if I it I is I likely I that Iclothing Iwill Ibe I in Icontact Iwith Iany Ipatient/resident Ior
IanyIsurfaces I in Ithe Ipatient/resident Icare Ienvironment.
o Mask Iand Ieye Iprotection I if Isplashing Ior Isplattering Iof Iany Icontaminated
IsubstanceIis I likely.
o Patient/resident Icare I items Isuch Ias Iblood Ipressure Icuff, Istethoscopes Ior
Ithermometer Ishould Ibe I “dedicated” I(used Ionly I for Ithat Ipatient/resident
IandId isinfected Ior Idiscarded Iafter Ithe Ipatient/resident I is Idischarged).
o I Body Idefenses Iagainst Iinfection, I who Iis Imore Iat Irisk Ifor Ideveloping Iinfections
o I Symptoms I of I infection I –
Symptoms I vary Iwidely, Ior Ithey I may Inot Ioccur Iat Iall. ISome Ipatients I have
Ifever,Ic hills, Ior I fatigue.
Most Icommon Itypes
Common Icold
Symptoms I include Ia Irunny Inose, Isneezing, Iand Icongestion. IHigh I fever Ior
IsevereIs ymptoms Iare Ireasons Ito Isee Ia Idoctor, Iespecially I in Ichildren.
Flu
Symptoms I include I fever, Ichills, I muscle Iaches, Icough, Icongestion, Irunny
Inose,Iheadaches, Iand I fatigue.
Strep Ithroat
Common Isymptoms I include Isore Ithroat, I fever, Iand Iswollen I lymph I nodes I in
ItheIneck. IRarely, Icomplications Ican I involve Ithe I heart Ior Ikidneys.
Urinary Itract I infection
