NR I283 IFinal IExam IGuide I
CHAPTER I2: IFLUID, IELECTROLYTE IAND
ACID-BASE IBALANCE I(5 Iquestions)
I
1. EDEMA
Increased Icapillary Ipermeability
2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA
-Cardiac Idysrhythmias
3. PARATHYROID IHORMONE I(4 IScenarios)
-produced Iin Iparathyroid Igland Iwhich Iare Ifour Ipea-sized Iglands Ithat Ilie Ibehind Ithe Ithyroid Igland
-Calcium Ibalance Iand Iphosphorus Ilevel Iis Icontrolled Iby Iparathyroid Ihormone
-Hypoparathyroidism Ican Ilead Ito Ihypocalcemia
-Hyperparathyroidism Ican Ilead Ito Ihypercalcemia Iand Ibone Idemineralization Ithat Imay Icause
IspontaneousIf ractures.
4. ACIDOSIS I(He Isaid Igeneral/systemic Ieffect Iof Iacidosis)
-Excess Ihydrogen Iions
-Decrease Iin Iserum IpH
-Addition Iof Ibicarbonate Ito Ithe Iblood Ito Ireverse Iacidosis I(lactate Isolution)
****Effects Iof IAcidosis
Direct Ieffect Iof Iacidosis Iare Imanifested Iby ItheINervous ISytem:
-Impaired Inervous Isystem Ifunction
-Headache
-Lethargy
-Weakness
-Confusion
-Coma Iand Ideath
-Compensation
-Deep Irapid Ibreathing I(Kussmaul’s Irespirations)
-Secretion Iof Iurine Iwith Ia Ilow IpH
5. RESPIRATORY IDEPRESSION I(related Ito Ianesthesia/drugs Ion Ihow Icompensation Ihappens)
-Compensation Ihappens Ifor Ianesthesia, Iincrease Iin Isecretion Iof IH+ Iions Iinto Ifiltrate
CHAPTER I5: IINFLAMMATION IAND IHEALING I(5 Iquestions)
1. TEARS
-nonspecific/First Iline Iof Idefense/mechanical Ibarrier
2. CONTROLLING IELEVATED ITEMPERATURE
-body Iresponse Ithru Ivasodilation, Isweating, Ilethargy Iand Ibody Iextend
3. ICE IAND IEDEMA
-Ice/cold Icause Ivasoconstriction, Idecreasing Ipain Iand Iedema
4. ASPIRIN
, -aspirin Iin Ipediatrics Irisk Ifor IReye’s ISyndrome, Icomplication Iinvolves Ibrain Iand Iliver Idamage Iand Ican
IbeIf atal.
5. NEUTROPHILS
-nonspecific, Iphagocytize Ibacteria
-neutrophils I(a Ileukocytes) Iand Imacrophage Irandomly Iengulf Iand Idestroy Ibacteria, Icell Idebris Iand
IforeignImatter
CHAPTER I12: ICARDIOVASCULAR ISYSTEM IDISORDERS I(10 Iquestions)
1. ANGINA
***NITROGLYCERIN I
-Occurs Iwhen Ithere Iis IaIdeficit Iof Ioxygen Ito Imeet Imyocardial Ineeds
2. MYOCARDIALIINFARCTION I(MI)
-death Iof Icardiac Imuscle Iresulting Ifrom Iprolonged Iischemia
***How Iis IMI IDiagnosed?
-Diagnosis Iis Iconfirmed Ithrough Ielectrocardiogram I(ECG) Ichanges Iand Iserum Ienzyme Iand
IisoenzymeIlevels. I
-Serum Ilevels Iof Imyosin Iand Icardiac Itroponin Iare Ielevated;
-serum Ielectrolyte Ilevels Imay Ibe Iabnormal;
-leukocytosis Iand Ian Ielevated IC-reactive Iprotein I(CRP) Iand Ierythrocyte Isedimentation Irate I(ESR)
IareIc ommon;
-arterial Iblood Igas Iis Ialtered.
- IPulmonary Iartery Ipressure Imeasurements Ishould Ibe Iconducted Ito Idetermine Iventricular Ifunction.
3. CONGESTIVE IHEART IFAILURE I(CHF)
-Heart Iis Iunable Ito Ipump Iout Isufficient Iblood Ito Imeet Imetabolic Idemands Iof Ithe Ibody.
4. BETA-ADRENERGICS I(slows Iheart Irate)
-Prevent Iincreased Iheart Irate Iin Iresponse Ito ISympathetic INervous ISystem Iand ICholamines
-example: IMetoprolol I(Lopressor), IAtenolol, IPropranolol, INadolol
5. ENDOCARDITIS I(Infective IEndocarditis)
*Subacute Iis Icaused Iby IStreptococcus Iviridans ----(Low Ivirulent)
*Acute Iis Icaused Iby IStaphylococcus Iaureus --- (High Ivirulent)
6. PERICARDITIS
-leads Ito Ia Ilarge Ivolume Iof Ifluid Iaccumulating Iin Ithe Ipericardial Icavity, Ifilling Iof Ithe Iheart Iis Irestricted Iand
Icardiac Ioutput Iis Ireduced Iby Ipreventing Iventricle Iin Ifilling.
7. SEPTALIDEFECT
-Shunt Ifrom Ileft I→ Iright Ibecause Ipressure Iis Ihigher Iin Ileft Iventricle
8. SEPTIC ISHOCK I(Endotoxic)
-endotoxin Ifrom Igram Inegative Ibacteria Ican Ilead Ito Ivasodilation Ileading Ito Ilife Ithreatening Ihypotension
CHAPTER I13: IRESPIRATORY ISYSTEMIDISORDERS I(10 Iquestions)
1. ARTERIALIBLOOD IGAS ILEVELS???????????
--Know Ithe Ivalues/ranges I????????
--know Iif Idecompensated Ior Icompensated??????
CHAPTER I2: IFLUID, IELECTROLYTE IAND
ACID-BASE IBALANCE I(5 Iquestions)
I
1. EDEMA
Increased Icapillary Ipermeability
2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA
-Cardiac Idysrhythmias
3. PARATHYROID IHORMONE I(4 IScenarios)
-produced Iin Iparathyroid Igland Iwhich Iare Ifour Ipea-sized Iglands Ithat Ilie Ibehind Ithe Ithyroid Igland
-Calcium Ibalance Iand Iphosphorus Ilevel Iis Icontrolled Iby Iparathyroid Ihormone
-Hypoparathyroidism Ican Ilead Ito Ihypocalcemia
-Hyperparathyroidism Ican Ilead Ito Ihypercalcemia Iand Ibone Idemineralization Ithat Imay Icause
IspontaneousIf ractures.
4. ACIDOSIS I(He Isaid Igeneral/systemic Ieffect Iof Iacidosis)
-Excess Ihydrogen Iions
-Decrease Iin Iserum IpH
-Addition Iof Ibicarbonate Ito Ithe Iblood Ito Ireverse Iacidosis I(lactate Isolution)
****Effects Iof IAcidosis
Direct Ieffect Iof Iacidosis Iare Imanifested Iby ItheINervous ISytem:
-Impaired Inervous Isystem Ifunction
-Headache
-Lethargy
-Weakness
-Confusion
-Coma Iand Ideath
-Compensation
-Deep Irapid Ibreathing I(Kussmaul’s Irespirations)
-Secretion Iof Iurine Iwith Ia Ilow IpH
5. RESPIRATORY IDEPRESSION I(related Ito Ianesthesia/drugs Ion Ihow Icompensation Ihappens)
-Compensation Ihappens Ifor Ianesthesia, Iincrease Iin Isecretion Iof IH+ Iions Iinto Ifiltrate
CHAPTER I5: IINFLAMMATION IAND IHEALING I(5 Iquestions)
1. TEARS
-nonspecific/First Iline Iof Idefense/mechanical Ibarrier
2. CONTROLLING IELEVATED ITEMPERATURE
-body Iresponse Ithru Ivasodilation, Isweating, Ilethargy Iand Ibody Iextend
3. ICE IAND IEDEMA
-Ice/cold Icause Ivasoconstriction, Idecreasing Ipain Iand Iedema
4. ASPIRIN
, -aspirin Iin Ipediatrics Irisk Ifor IReye’s ISyndrome, Icomplication Iinvolves Ibrain Iand Iliver Idamage Iand Ican
IbeIf atal.
5. NEUTROPHILS
-nonspecific, Iphagocytize Ibacteria
-neutrophils I(a Ileukocytes) Iand Imacrophage Irandomly Iengulf Iand Idestroy Ibacteria, Icell Idebris Iand
IforeignImatter
CHAPTER I12: ICARDIOVASCULAR ISYSTEM IDISORDERS I(10 Iquestions)
1. ANGINA
***NITROGLYCERIN I
-Occurs Iwhen Ithere Iis IaIdeficit Iof Ioxygen Ito Imeet Imyocardial Ineeds
2. MYOCARDIALIINFARCTION I(MI)
-death Iof Icardiac Imuscle Iresulting Ifrom Iprolonged Iischemia
***How Iis IMI IDiagnosed?
-Diagnosis Iis Iconfirmed Ithrough Ielectrocardiogram I(ECG) Ichanges Iand Iserum Ienzyme Iand
IisoenzymeIlevels. I
-Serum Ilevels Iof Imyosin Iand Icardiac Itroponin Iare Ielevated;
-serum Ielectrolyte Ilevels Imay Ibe Iabnormal;
-leukocytosis Iand Ian Ielevated IC-reactive Iprotein I(CRP) Iand Ierythrocyte Isedimentation Irate I(ESR)
IareIc ommon;
-arterial Iblood Igas Iis Ialtered.
- IPulmonary Iartery Ipressure Imeasurements Ishould Ibe Iconducted Ito Idetermine Iventricular Ifunction.
3. CONGESTIVE IHEART IFAILURE I(CHF)
-Heart Iis Iunable Ito Ipump Iout Isufficient Iblood Ito Imeet Imetabolic Idemands Iof Ithe Ibody.
4. BETA-ADRENERGICS I(slows Iheart Irate)
-Prevent Iincreased Iheart Irate Iin Iresponse Ito ISympathetic INervous ISystem Iand ICholamines
-example: IMetoprolol I(Lopressor), IAtenolol, IPropranolol, INadolol
5. ENDOCARDITIS I(Infective IEndocarditis)
*Subacute Iis Icaused Iby IStreptococcus Iviridans ----(Low Ivirulent)
*Acute Iis Icaused Iby IStaphylococcus Iaureus --- (High Ivirulent)
6. PERICARDITIS
-leads Ito Ia Ilarge Ivolume Iof Ifluid Iaccumulating Iin Ithe Ipericardial Icavity, Ifilling Iof Ithe Iheart Iis Irestricted Iand
Icardiac Ioutput Iis Ireduced Iby Ipreventing Iventricle Iin Ifilling.
7. SEPTALIDEFECT
-Shunt Ifrom Ileft I→ Iright Ibecause Ipressure Iis Ihigher Iin Ileft Iventricle
8. SEPTIC ISHOCK I(Endotoxic)
-endotoxin Ifrom Igram Inegative Ibacteria Ican Ilead Ito Ivasodilation Ileading Ito Ilife Ithreatening Ihypotension
CHAPTER I13: IRESPIRATORY ISYSTEMIDISORDERS I(10 Iquestions)
1. ARTERIALIBLOOD IGAS ILEVELS???????????
--Know Ithe Ivalues/ranges I????????
--know Iif Idecompensated Ior Icompensated??????
