NR I283 IPathophysiology IExam I2 IStudy IGuide
Chapter I8: ISkin IDisorders
1. Viral Iinfections
a. Take Iantiviral Ito Ireduce Iviral Ishedding I(can’t Iproliferate)
2. Autoimmune Is kin Idisorders
a. Shingles
b. Pemphigus I Iblisters
i. 2 Iforms I= Ivulgaris I& Ifoliaceus
ii. Antibodies Idisrupt Ithe Icohesion Ibetween Ithe Iepidermal Icells Icausing Iblisters Ito Iform
iii. Treatment I= Isystemic Iglucocorticoids Isuch Ias Iprednisone I& Iother Iimmunosuppressants
3. Psoriasis
a. A Ichronic Iinflammatory Iskin Idisorder Icaused Iby Iabnormal IT Icell Iactivation
b. Cells Iare Ishedding Iepithelium Ia Ilot Ifaster Ithan Ithey Ishould I(increased Imitosis) I= Iflakiness
c. lesions Ifound Ion Iface, Iscalp, Ielbows I& Iknees
d. Treatment I= Iglucocorticoids, Itar Ipreparations I& Iantimetabolites
4. HSV II Iand IHSV III I(Herpes ISimplex IVirus II I& III)
a. Type II I= Icold Isores I& Ifever Iblister
b. Type III I= Igenital
c. Spread Iby Idirect Icontact
5. HPV I(Human IPapilloma IVirus)
a. Types I1-4 I= Iplantar Iwarts
b. Types I6 I& I11 I= Igenital Iwarts
c. Predisposing I factor: I Cancer I I Cervical
6. Fungal Iinfections I(mycoses)
a. Most Iare Isuperficial
b. Diagnosed Iby Iskin Iscrapings
c. Treatment I= Itopical Iantifungal
d. Athletes Ifoot I= ITinea Ipedis I& ITinea Icapitis I= Icradle Icap
7. Scabies
a. Invasion Iby Imite Ibite I(female Iburrows, Imale Ifertilizes Ithe Ifemale I& Idies, Ifemale Ilays Ieggs I&
Idies,Irepeat)
b. highly Icommunicable Iin Iany Isetting Iand Idoes Inot Irespect Isocial Istatus
i. put Ipatient Iin Ia Iprivate Iroom
ii. nurse Ishould Iwear Igloves I& Igown
c. Itchy; IBurrows Iappear Ion Ithe Iskin Ias Itiny, Ibrown Ilines
d. Common Isites I= Ibetween Ithe Ifingers, Iwrists, Iinner Isurface Iof Ielbow I& Iwaistline
e. Treatment I= Ilindane I(gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane)
8. Contact Idermatitis
a. Exposure Ito Ian Iallergen I= IPruritic Irash I(wool, Iitchy)
b. No Iimmune Iresponse
c. Treatment I= Itopical Iglucocorticoid
9. Atopic Idermatitis I(eczema)
a. A Icommon Iproblem Iin Iinfancy I& Imay Ipersist Iin Iadulthood
b. A Ifamilial Itype II Ihypersensitivity Ioften Iassociated Iwith Ihay Ifever I& Iasthma
c. Atopic I= Irefers Ito Ian Iinherited Itendency Itoward Iallergic Iconditions
d. Etiology I= Ichronic Iinflammation Iresults Ifrom Ithe Iresponse Ito Iallergens; Ieosinophilia I(high Ilevel
IofIW BCs Iin Ithe Iblood) I& Iincreased Iserum IIgE Ilevels Iindicate Ithe Iallergic Ibasis
e. S&S I= Ipruritic Ilesions, Iskin Iappears Idry I& Iscaly
f. Treatment I= Iavoid Iaggravating Iagents I& Itopical Iglucocorticoids
10. Hansen’s Idisease I(Leprosy)
a. Myobacterium Ileprae
b. Infects Ithe Iskin, Imucous Imembrane I& Iperipheral Inerves
c. Determined Iby Ia Iskin Ibiopsy
d. Treatment I= Iantibiotics
11. Impetigo
, a. Very Icontagious
b. Common Iin Iinfants Iand Ichildren
c. Cause Iby IS. Iaureus I(antibiotic Iresistant Istrains Iare Iincreasing)
d. Transmitted Iby Iclose Iphysical Icontact Ior Ifomites
e. Pruritis Iis Icommon Iwhich Ileads Ito Iscratching I& Ifurther Ispread Iof Iinfection
f. Lesions Iusually Ion Iface
g. Treatment I= Itopical Iantibiotic Ifor Iearly Istages I& Isystematic Iadministration Ifor Iextensive Ilesions
12. Scleroderma
a. Tight, Ithin, Ishiny, Ihard, Iimmovable Iskin
b. increased Icollagen Ideposit Iin Iarterioles I& Icapillaries Ireduces Iblood Iflow
c. Can Ibe Isystemic
d. Raynaud I disease I I cold I finger I tips
e. Treatment I= Ianti-inflammatory Idrugs Isuch Ias INSAIDs Ior Icorticosteroids I&
IimmunosuppressantIt herapies
13. Kaposi ISarcoma
a. Usually Iin Ipatients Iwith IHIV/AIDS I(immunocompromised)
b. May Iaffect Ithe Iviscera Ias Iwell Ias Ithe Iskin
c. Etiology I= IHerpesvirus I8 I(KSHV); Imalignant Icells Iarise Ifrom Ithe Iendothelium Iin Ismall Iblood Ivessels
d. S&S I= IMultiple Iskin Ilesions I(large, Iirregular Ishaped, Imay Ibe Idarker Iin Icolor Iaka Ipurple/brownish)
IoftenIo n Ithe Iface, Iscalp, Ioral Imucosa, Ior Ilower Iextremities
e. Treatment I= Icombination Iof Iradiation, Ichemotherapy, Isurgery I& Ibiologic Itherapy
f. Put Ipatient Iin Iprotective Iisolation I(protect Ithem Ifrom Iour Igerms)
14. Malignant IMelanoma
a. Melanocytes Ieffected; Iusually Idetected Ilate I= Ia Ibad Iprognosis
b. Itchy, Igrows Irapidly, Imetastasizes, Iirregular Iborders
c. Development Idepends Ion Igenetics, Iexposure Ito IUV Iradiation I(sunbathing), Ihormones,
I&Iimmunosuppressed
d. Treatment I= Isurgery, Iradiation I& Ichemotherapy
15. Basal ICell ICarcinoma
a. Pearly Iwhite Iborders
16. Cancer
a. Radiation I= Ishrinks’ Itissue
b. Chemotherapy I= Ieradicates Icells
c. Complete IBlood ICount I(CBC)
d. Monitor Iwhite Iblood Icount
17. Pediculosis I= Ilice
Chapter I13: IRespiratory IDisorders
1. Primary Icontrol Icenters Ifor Ibreathing Iare Ilocated Iin Ithe Imedulla Iand Ipons
2. Pulmonary IVolumes
a. Tidal IVolu me I(TV) I= Iamount Iof Iair Ientering Ilungs Iwith Ieach Inormal Ibreath I(500mL)
b. Residual IVolume I(RV) I= Iamount Iof Iair Iremaining Iin Ithe Ilungs Iafter Iforced Iexpiration I(1200mL)
c. Inspiratory IReserve I(IRV) I= Imaximal Iamount Iof Iair Ithat Ican Ibe Iinhaled Iin Iexcess Iof Inormal
IquietIinspiration I(3000mL)
d. Expiratory IReserve I(ERV) I= Imaximal Ivolume Iof Iair Iexpired Ifollowing Ia Ipassive Iexpiration I(1100mL)
e. Vital ICapacity I(VC) I= Imaximal Iamount Iof Iair Iexpired Ifollowing Ia Imaximal Iinspiration I(4600mL)
i. Incentive Ispirometer Iused Ito Imeasure Ithis
f. Total ILung ICapacity I(TLC) I= Itotal Ivolume Iof Iair Iin Ithe Ilungs Iafter Imaximal Iinspiration I(5800mL)
3. Dyspnea I= Ia Isubjective Ifeeling Iof Idiscomfort Ithat Ioccurs Iwhen Ia Iperson Ifeels Iunable Ito Iinhale Ienough Iair
4. Cyanosis I= Ithe Ibluish Icoloring Iof Ithe Iskin Iand Imucus Imembranes Ithat Iresults Ifrom Ilarge Iamounts
IofIunoxygenated Ihemoglobin Iin Ithe Iblood
5. Gas Iexchange
a. Oxygen Idiffuses Iinto Ithe Iblood Ithrough Ithe Ialveoli
b. Flow Iof Igases Ibetween Ithe Ialveolar Iair I& Iblood
c. Depends Ion Ithe3 Irelative Iconcentrations I(partial Ipressures) Iof Ithe Igases I(PO2 I& IPCO2)
d. Dalton’s Ilaw I= Ieach Igas Imoves Ialong Iits Ipartial Ipressure Igradient, Iindependent Iof Iother Igases
6. Oxyhemoglobin IDissociation ICurve
a. Relationship Ibetween Ipercentage Isaturation Iof Ihemoglobin I& IPO2
Chapter I8: ISkin IDisorders
1. Viral Iinfections
a. Take Iantiviral Ito Ireduce Iviral Ishedding I(can’t Iproliferate)
2. Autoimmune Is kin Idisorders
a. Shingles
b. Pemphigus I Iblisters
i. 2 Iforms I= Ivulgaris I& Ifoliaceus
ii. Antibodies Idisrupt Ithe Icohesion Ibetween Ithe Iepidermal Icells Icausing Iblisters Ito Iform
iii. Treatment I= Isystemic Iglucocorticoids Isuch Ias Iprednisone I& Iother Iimmunosuppressants
3. Psoriasis
a. A Ichronic Iinflammatory Iskin Idisorder Icaused Iby Iabnormal IT Icell Iactivation
b. Cells Iare Ishedding Iepithelium Ia Ilot Ifaster Ithan Ithey Ishould I(increased Imitosis) I= Iflakiness
c. lesions Ifound Ion Iface, Iscalp, Ielbows I& Iknees
d. Treatment I= Iglucocorticoids, Itar Ipreparations I& Iantimetabolites
4. HSV II Iand IHSV III I(Herpes ISimplex IVirus II I& III)
a. Type II I= Icold Isores I& Ifever Iblister
b. Type III I= Igenital
c. Spread Iby Idirect Icontact
5. HPV I(Human IPapilloma IVirus)
a. Types I1-4 I= Iplantar Iwarts
b. Types I6 I& I11 I= Igenital Iwarts
c. Predisposing I factor: I Cancer I I Cervical
6. Fungal Iinfections I(mycoses)
a. Most Iare Isuperficial
b. Diagnosed Iby Iskin Iscrapings
c. Treatment I= Itopical Iantifungal
d. Athletes Ifoot I= ITinea Ipedis I& ITinea Icapitis I= Icradle Icap
7. Scabies
a. Invasion Iby Imite Ibite I(female Iburrows, Imale Ifertilizes Ithe Ifemale I& Idies, Ifemale Ilays Ieggs I&
Idies,Irepeat)
b. highly Icommunicable Iin Iany Isetting Iand Idoes Inot Irespect Isocial Istatus
i. put Ipatient Iin Ia Iprivate Iroom
ii. nurse Ishould Iwear Igloves I& Igown
c. Itchy; IBurrows Iappear Ion Ithe Iskin Ias Itiny, Ibrown Ilines
d. Common Isites I= Ibetween Ithe Ifingers, Iwrists, Iinner Isurface Iof Ielbow I& Iwaistline
e. Treatment I= Ilindane I(gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane)
8. Contact Idermatitis
a. Exposure Ito Ian Iallergen I= IPruritic Irash I(wool, Iitchy)
b. No Iimmune Iresponse
c. Treatment I= Itopical Iglucocorticoid
9. Atopic Idermatitis I(eczema)
a. A Icommon Iproblem Iin Iinfancy I& Imay Ipersist Iin Iadulthood
b. A Ifamilial Itype II Ihypersensitivity Ioften Iassociated Iwith Ihay Ifever I& Iasthma
c. Atopic I= Irefers Ito Ian Iinherited Itendency Itoward Iallergic Iconditions
d. Etiology I= Ichronic Iinflammation Iresults Ifrom Ithe Iresponse Ito Iallergens; Ieosinophilia I(high Ilevel
IofIW BCs Iin Ithe Iblood) I& Iincreased Iserum IIgE Ilevels Iindicate Ithe Iallergic Ibasis
e. S&S I= Ipruritic Ilesions, Iskin Iappears Idry I& Iscaly
f. Treatment I= Iavoid Iaggravating Iagents I& Itopical Iglucocorticoids
10. Hansen’s Idisease I(Leprosy)
a. Myobacterium Ileprae
b. Infects Ithe Iskin, Imucous Imembrane I& Iperipheral Inerves
c. Determined Iby Ia Iskin Ibiopsy
d. Treatment I= Iantibiotics
11. Impetigo
, a. Very Icontagious
b. Common Iin Iinfants Iand Ichildren
c. Cause Iby IS. Iaureus I(antibiotic Iresistant Istrains Iare Iincreasing)
d. Transmitted Iby Iclose Iphysical Icontact Ior Ifomites
e. Pruritis Iis Icommon Iwhich Ileads Ito Iscratching I& Ifurther Ispread Iof Iinfection
f. Lesions Iusually Ion Iface
g. Treatment I= Itopical Iantibiotic Ifor Iearly Istages I& Isystematic Iadministration Ifor Iextensive Ilesions
12. Scleroderma
a. Tight, Ithin, Ishiny, Ihard, Iimmovable Iskin
b. increased Icollagen Ideposit Iin Iarterioles I& Icapillaries Ireduces Iblood Iflow
c. Can Ibe Isystemic
d. Raynaud I disease I I cold I finger I tips
e. Treatment I= Ianti-inflammatory Idrugs Isuch Ias INSAIDs Ior Icorticosteroids I&
IimmunosuppressantIt herapies
13. Kaposi ISarcoma
a. Usually Iin Ipatients Iwith IHIV/AIDS I(immunocompromised)
b. May Iaffect Ithe Iviscera Ias Iwell Ias Ithe Iskin
c. Etiology I= IHerpesvirus I8 I(KSHV); Imalignant Icells Iarise Ifrom Ithe Iendothelium Iin Ismall Iblood Ivessels
d. S&S I= IMultiple Iskin Ilesions I(large, Iirregular Ishaped, Imay Ibe Idarker Iin Icolor Iaka Ipurple/brownish)
IoftenIo n Ithe Iface, Iscalp, Ioral Imucosa, Ior Ilower Iextremities
e. Treatment I= Icombination Iof Iradiation, Ichemotherapy, Isurgery I& Ibiologic Itherapy
f. Put Ipatient Iin Iprotective Iisolation I(protect Ithem Ifrom Iour Igerms)
14. Malignant IMelanoma
a. Melanocytes Ieffected; Iusually Idetected Ilate I= Ia Ibad Iprognosis
b. Itchy, Igrows Irapidly, Imetastasizes, Iirregular Iborders
c. Development Idepends Ion Igenetics, Iexposure Ito IUV Iradiation I(sunbathing), Ihormones,
I&Iimmunosuppressed
d. Treatment I= Isurgery, Iradiation I& Ichemotherapy
15. Basal ICell ICarcinoma
a. Pearly Iwhite Iborders
16. Cancer
a. Radiation I= Ishrinks’ Itissue
b. Chemotherapy I= Ieradicates Icells
c. Complete IBlood ICount I(CBC)
d. Monitor Iwhite Iblood Icount
17. Pediculosis I= Ilice
Chapter I13: IRespiratory IDisorders
1. Primary Icontrol Icenters Ifor Ibreathing Iare Ilocated Iin Ithe Imedulla Iand Ipons
2. Pulmonary IVolumes
a. Tidal IVolu me I(TV) I= Iamount Iof Iair Ientering Ilungs Iwith Ieach Inormal Ibreath I(500mL)
b. Residual IVolume I(RV) I= Iamount Iof Iair Iremaining Iin Ithe Ilungs Iafter Iforced Iexpiration I(1200mL)
c. Inspiratory IReserve I(IRV) I= Imaximal Iamount Iof Iair Ithat Ican Ibe Iinhaled Iin Iexcess Iof Inormal
IquietIinspiration I(3000mL)
d. Expiratory IReserve I(ERV) I= Imaximal Ivolume Iof Iair Iexpired Ifollowing Ia Ipassive Iexpiration I(1100mL)
e. Vital ICapacity I(VC) I= Imaximal Iamount Iof Iair Iexpired Ifollowing Ia Imaximal Iinspiration I(4600mL)
i. Incentive Ispirometer Iused Ito Imeasure Ithis
f. Total ILung ICapacity I(TLC) I= Itotal Ivolume Iof Iair Iin Ithe Ilungs Iafter Imaximal Iinspiration I(5800mL)
3. Dyspnea I= Ia Isubjective Ifeeling Iof Idiscomfort Ithat Ioccurs Iwhen Ia Iperson Ifeels Iunable Ito Iinhale Ienough Iair
4. Cyanosis I= Ithe Ibluish Icoloring Iof Ithe Iskin Iand Imucus Imembranes Ithat Iresults Ifrom Ilarge Iamounts
IofIunoxygenated Ihemoglobin Iin Ithe Iblood
5. Gas Iexchange
a. Oxygen Idiffuses Iinto Ithe Iblood Ithrough Ithe Ialveoli
b. Flow Iof Igases Ibetween Ithe Ialveolar Iair I& Iblood
c. Depends Ion Ithe3 Irelative Iconcentrations I(partial Ipressures) Iof Ithe Igases I(PO2 I& IPCO2)
d. Dalton’s Ilaw I= Ieach Igas Imoves Ialong Iits Ipartial Ipressure Igradient, Iindependent Iof Iother Igases
6. Oxyhemoglobin IDissociation ICurve
a. Relationship Ibetween Ipercentage Isaturation Iof Ihemoglobin I& IPO2
