-
↳ ' '
nucleic acids molecules of life store information that controls cellular and the
,
the
activity
organism development by controlling ,
the Synethesis of proteins
↳
proteins (enzymes ) control the chemical processes inside the cell
p
two nucleic acids found in cells :
•
Deoxy ribonucleic acid ( DNA )
C
o
•
Ribonucleic acid (RNA )
OH
① Deoxy ribonucleic acid -
DNA
↳ found
mainly in the nucleus of the cell where it forms part of the chromosomes in the chromatin
network
↳
extra nuclear DNA -
small amounts of DNA found outside the nucleus in MitchOndria and
Chro IOP lasts
↳ two strands twist to form stable 3D double helix
long a ,
how is the double helix made up ?
•
The Strands of the ladder sugar 1phosphate
-
outer 2 formed by a chain of
are
alternating
links The bonds between the sugar and phosphate molecules are
.
strong
The rungs of the ladder are formed from pairs of bases linked by weak
hydrogen bonds
-
-
The base pairs are attached to the sugar molecules
↳
small units (monomers ) i.e
molecule is a
long chain (
polymer ) made up of .
building blocks called
nucleotides
↳
each nucleotide is made up of a :
sugar molecule
deoxyribose (s )
•
-
•
phosphate molecule ( P)
nitrogenous base which be
•
:
may
adenine CA)
-
thymine CT )
-
guanine (G)
-
cytosine CC )
-
, ↳
4 bases are the foundation of code cells on how to
the
genetic ,
instructing synthesise
enzymes and other proteins
↳ 4
different nitrogenous bases =
4 different nucleotides
How do these 4 base
pairs link up ?
↳ the
shape and size of the 4 bases differ so that :
adenine will uracil bonds T A= U
only bond with
thymine by means of 2
hydrogen A
•
eg
=
, ,
of 3 hydrogen bonds C C-
cytosine will
only bond with
guanine by means
eg =
•
,
How are the base pairs classified ?
↳ there are 2
groups of nitrogenous bases purines and pyrimidines :
-
made of 2 fused rings of nitrogen and (guanine and adenine )
purines are carbon hydrogen atoms
•
,
pyrimidines are made of I ring of similar atoms and are much smaller than purines (thymine
•
,
and uracil )
cytosine
↳ a
base pair is made of one purine and one pyrimidine
↳ all 4 nucleotides are the same in plants and animals
How do ?
organisms differ
↳ the which determines the code of
sequence of the nucleotides , genetic an
organism
Role of DNA
↳ DNA molecules :
in each cell in the form of
carry hereditary information genes
•
•
provide a blueprint for an organism 's growth and development by coding for protein synthesis
•
can replicate so that a
copy of the genetic information is passed on to each
daughter
cell
during cell division ,
which ensures that the genetic code is passed on from generation
to generation
↳ ' '
nucleic acids molecules of life store information that controls cellular and the
,
the
activity
organism development by controlling ,
the Synethesis of proteins
↳
proteins (enzymes ) control the chemical processes inside the cell
p
two nucleic acids found in cells :
•
Deoxy ribonucleic acid ( DNA )
C
o
•
Ribonucleic acid (RNA )
OH
① Deoxy ribonucleic acid -
DNA
↳ found
mainly in the nucleus of the cell where it forms part of the chromosomes in the chromatin
network
↳
extra nuclear DNA -
small amounts of DNA found outside the nucleus in MitchOndria and
Chro IOP lasts
↳ two strands twist to form stable 3D double helix
long a ,
how is the double helix made up ?
•
The Strands of the ladder sugar 1phosphate
-
outer 2 formed by a chain of
are
alternating
links The bonds between the sugar and phosphate molecules are
.
strong
The rungs of the ladder are formed from pairs of bases linked by weak
hydrogen bonds
-
-
The base pairs are attached to the sugar molecules
↳
small units (monomers ) i.e
molecule is a
long chain (
polymer ) made up of .
building blocks called
nucleotides
↳
each nucleotide is made up of a :
sugar molecule
deoxyribose (s )
•
-
•
phosphate molecule ( P)
nitrogenous base which be
•
:
may
adenine CA)
-
thymine CT )
-
guanine (G)
-
cytosine CC )
-
, ↳
4 bases are the foundation of code cells on how to
the
genetic ,
instructing synthesise
enzymes and other proteins
↳ 4
different nitrogenous bases =
4 different nucleotides
How do these 4 base
pairs link up ?
↳ the
shape and size of the 4 bases differ so that :
adenine will uracil bonds T A= U
only bond with
thymine by means of 2
hydrogen A
•
eg
=
, ,
of 3 hydrogen bonds C C-
cytosine will
only bond with
guanine by means
eg =
•
,
How are the base pairs classified ?
↳ there are 2
groups of nitrogenous bases purines and pyrimidines :
-
made of 2 fused rings of nitrogen and (guanine and adenine )
purines are carbon hydrogen atoms
•
,
pyrimidines are made of I ring of similar atoms and are much smaller than purines (thymine
•
,
and uracil )
cytosine
↳ a
base pair is made of one purine and one pyrimidine
↳ all 4 nucleotides are the same in plants and animals
How do ?
organisms differ
↳ the which determines the code of
sequence of the nucleotides , genetic an
organism
Role of DNA
↳ DNA molecules :
in each cell in the form of
carry hereditary information genes
•
•
provide a blueprint for an organism 's growth and development by coding for protein synthesis
•
can replicate so that a
copy of the genetic information is passed on to each
daughter
cell
during cell division ,
which ensures that the genetic code is passed on from generation
to generation
