BIOLOGY 1070 MIDTERM #1 STUDY NOTES! Disparity: how physically different those species are from
each other. For example, mammals are not very diverse
TERMS:
but they are very disparate — consider shrews vs. bats vs.
giraffes vs. blue whales. Bivalve molluscs(mussels),
though much more diverse than mammals, are not as
Speciation: the evolution of a biological species. organic
disparate — on the whole, they all maintain a relatively
evolution, phylogenesis, phylogeny, evolution - the
similar morphology.
sequence of events involved in the evolutionary
development of a species or taxonomic group of Adaptation: 1) a characteristic that enhances the survival
organisms. and/or reproduction of organisms that bear it, relative to
alternative (especially ancestral) character states; 2) a
Clade: a group of organisms that consists of a common
physical, physiological, behavioural, or other
ancestor and all its lineal descendants. Monophyletic= a
characteristic evolved through natural selection.
clade. Paraphyletic= not a clade(missing one of two
Adaptation is NOT the change undergone by an individual
requirements).
organism during its lifetime in response to external
Abundance: an ecological concept referring to the relative conditions.
representation of a species in a particular ecosystem. It is
Mutation: errors in DNA replication. Mutations do not
usually measured as the number of individuals found per
occur to benefit an organism, they can be beneficial,
sample.
harmful or have no effect.
Variation: any difference between cells, individual
Population: for sexual species, a group of interbreeding
organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused
individuals and their offspring.
either by genetic differences (genotypic variation) or by
the effect of environmental factors on the expression of Alleles: alternate (i.e., different and mutually exclusive)
the genetic potentials (phenotypic variation). Variation forms of a gene. e.g., “B” (brown eyes) versus “b” (blue
among organisms in a species. eyes).
, Genotype/ Phenotype: a genotype is the set of genes Genetic Drift: The process of change in the genetic
possessed by an organism. A phenotype is the physical composition of a population due to chance or random
expression of the genotype (in combination with the events rather than by natural selection, resulting in
environment). changes in allele frequencies over time. The effect of
genetic drift in large populations is usually negligible
Frequency: the proportional representation of a
whereas in small populations, it predominates. In a small
phenotype, genotype, gamete, or allele in a population.
population, genetic drift results in some alleles become
e.g., 6 out of 10 have blue eyes = 60% = a frequency of
more common while others become less common over
0.6.
time.
Species: groups of organisms that are genetically
Population Bottlenecks: change in alleles across a
separate- however defined and measured- from other
population by chance(For example, tornado).
such groups. There are many definition that circulate the
science community about how to define species, but Founder Effects: individuals find a new habitat and build a
many don’t take into mind asexual organisms, and the population there.
possibility of hybrids.
Genetic Isolation: geological barriers that prevent
Genetic Variation: difference at the DNA level along phenomena like gene flow.
individuals within a population of species.
Expiration: individuals of the species exist, but they are no
Gene Flow: movement of genes among populations, this longer found in an area where they were once common.
causes the populations to become more similar(lose Mass extinction is when 50% or more of existing species
diversity). may be lost in a relatively short period of time(For
example: K-T, The Great Dying and Holocene Extinction).
Endangered: a species abundance is dwindled, such that
it may be lost without some action to prevent it.
Extinction: all known traces are gone from the earth.
CONCEPTS:
each other. For example, mammals are not very diverse
TERMS:
but they are very disparate — consider shrews vs. bats vs.
giraffes vs. blue whales. Bivalve molluscs(mussels),
though much more diverse than mammals, are not as
Speciation: the evolution of a biological species. organic
disparate — on the whole, they all maintain a relatively
evolution, phylogenesis, phylogeny, evolution - the
similar morphology.
sequence of events involved in the evolutionary
development of a species or taxonomic group of Adaptation: 1) a characteristic that enhances the survival
organisms. and/or reproduction of organisms that bear it, relative to
alternative (especially ancestral) character states; 2) a
Clade: a group of organisms that consists of a common
physical, physiological, behavioural, or other
ancestor and all its lineal descendants. Monophyletic= a
characteristic evolved through natural selection.
clade. Paraphyletic= not a clade(missing one of two
Adaptation is NOT the change undergone by an individual
requirements).
organism during its lifetime in response to external
Abundance: an ecological concept referring to the relative conditions.
representation of a species in a particular ecosystem. It is
Mutation: errors in DNA replication. Mutations do not
usually measured as the number of individuals found per
occur to benefit an organism, they can be beneficial,
sample.
harmful or have no effect.
Variation: any difference between cells, individual
Population: for sexual species, a group of interbreeding
organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused
individuals and their offspring.
either by genetic differences (genotypic variation) or by
the effect of environmental factors on the expression of Alleles: alternate (i.e., different and mutually exclusive)
the genetic potentials (phenotypic variation). Variation forms of a gene. e.g., “B” (brown eyes) versus “b” (blue
among organisms in a species. eyes).
, Genotype/ Phenotype: a genotype is the set of genes Genetic Drift: The process of change in the genetic
possessed by an organism. A phenotype is the physical composition of a population due to chance or random
expression of the genotype (in combination with the events rather than by natural selection, resulting in
environment). changes in allele frequencies over time. The effect of
genetic drift in large populations is usually negligible
Frequency: the proportional representation of a
whereas in small populations, it predominates. In a small
phenotype, genotype, gamete, or allele in a population.
population, genetic drift results in some alleles become
e.g., 6 out of 10 have blue eyes = 60% = a frequency of
more common while others become less common over
0.6.
time.
Species: groups of organisms that are genetically
Population Bottlenecks: change in alleles across a
separate- however defined and measured- from other
population by chance(For example, tornado).
such groups. There are many definition that circulate the
science community about how to define species, but Founder Effects: individuals find a new habitat and build a
many don’t take into mind asexual organisms, and the population there.
possibility of hybrids.
Genetic Isolation: geological barriers that prevent
Genetic Variation: difference at the DNA level along phenomena like gene flow.
individuals within a population of species.
Expiration: individuals of the species exist, but they are no
Gene Flow: movement of genes among populations, this longer found in an area where they were once common.
causes the populations to become more similar(lose Mass extinction is when 50% or more of existing species
diversity). may be lost in a relatively short period of time(For
example: K-T, The Great Dying and Holocene Extinction).
Endangered: a species abundance is dwindled, such that
it may be lost without some action to prevent it.
Extinction: all known traces are gone from the earth.
CONCEPTS:
