Study Guide Pathophysiology Exam 4

Study Guide – Pathophysiology Exam 4 1. You should know the renal anatomy, in particular the functional unit of the kidney Structures of the Kidney  Retroperitoneal o Renal Capsule – Tightly adhering capsule that surrounds each kidney embedded in a mass of perirenal fat o Renal Fascia – Covers the Renal Capsule and fatty layer, composed of fibrous tissue o Hilum – Medial indentation of the kidney and is the location of entry and exit for Renal Blood Vessels / Nerves / Lymphatic Vessels / Ureter  Cortex o The outer layer of the kidney o Contains all of the glomeruli, proximal tubules, and some segments of distal tubule  Medulla o Forms the inner part of the kidney and consists of regions called Pyramids  Pyramids o Extend into Renal Pelvis and contain the loops of Henley and Collecting Ducts  Renal Columns o Extension of the cortex and extend between the pyramids to the Renal Pelvis  Minor / Major Calyces o Chambers receiving urine into the collecting ducts and form the entry into the Renal Pelvis  Renal Pelvis o An extension of the upper ureter  Lobe o Each lobe is composed of a pyramid and the overlying cortex o Structural Unit of the Kidney Nephron  The functional Unit of the Kidney  Tubular structure with subunits that contain the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henley, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct  All contribute to the formation of urine 2. Know the pathway of Urine from Start to Finish 3. You should know what is absorbed in the different parts of the Nephron Blood flows from Afferent Arteriole  Blood enters the Glomerulus encased in the Bowman’s Capsule  Proximal Convoluted Tubule o 60% - 70% of sodium and water are reabsorbed – 50% of Urea o 90% of Potassium / Glucose / Bicarbonate / Calcium / Phosphate / Amino Acids / Uric Acid  Descending loop of Henle o Concentration of urine o Water is reabsorbed o Sodium diffuses into loop  Nephron Loop  Ascending Loop of Henle o Sodium is reabsorbed o Water stays in the loop  Distal convoluted Tubule o Sodium is reabsorbed o Water is reabsorbed (ADH required) o Bicarbonate reabsorbed o Secretion of K / Urea / Hydrogen / NH3 / Some Drugs  Collecting Duct o Reabsorption of Water (ADH required) o Secretion of Sodium / Potassium / Hydrogen / NH3  Papillary Duct  Papilla of Renal Pyramid  Minor / Major Calyces  Renal Pelvis  Ureter 4. Know what stimulates the production of RBC