NR222: Exam 3 Review
1. Kohlberg (Moral):
➢ Preconventional Reasoning:
o Avoid punishment, gain reward
➢ Conventional Reasoning:
o Gain approval, avoid disapproval
➢ Postconventional Reasoning:
o Decisions based on rights and moral values
o Achieve justice
2. Erikson (Psychosocial):
➢ Trust vs. Mistrust
o Birth- 1-year-old
o Object permanence – 9 months
o Stranger anxiety – approx. 6-8 months
o Baby establishes sense of trust when parents attend to their needs
➢ Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
o 1-3 years
o Encourage babies to be independent
o Reward stage- being able to do things independently and not feel “shamed” for
doing so
o Potty-training in this stage; age dependent on child
➢ Initiative vs. Guilt
o 3-5 years
o Learn to work and play with peers
o Thrive on their accomplishments and praise
➢ Industry vs. Inferiority
o 6-13 years
o Like rewards for things they do
➢ Identity vs. Role Confusion
o 13-18 years
o Age 13- self-breast exam (with menstrual cycle)
o Age 15- self-testicular exam
o Think about future decisions (college)
o Anorexia (never satisfied) and Bulimia (can’t tell just by looking at them) and
differences
o Depression and suicide
o STDs and sexual experimentation
o Think everyone is critical of them
1. Kohlberg (Moral):
➢ Preconventional Reasoning:
o Avoid punishment, gain reward
➢ Conventional Reasoning:
o Gain approval, avoid disapproval
➢ Postconventional Reasoning:
o Decisions based on rights and moral values
o Achieve justice
2. Erikson (Psychosocial):
➢ Trust vs. Mistrust
o Birth- 1-year-old
o Object permanence – 9 months
o Stranger anxiety – approx. 6-8 months
o Baby establishes sense of trust when parents attend to their needs
➢ Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
o 1-3 years
o Encourage babies to be independent
o Reward stage- being able to do things independently and not feel “shamed” for
doing so
o Potty-training in this stage; age dependent on child
➢ Initiative vs. Guilt
o 3-5 years
o Learn to work and play with peers
o Thrive on their accomplishments and praise
➢ Industry vs. Inferiority
o 6-13 years
o Like rewards for things they do
➢ Identity vs. Role Confusion
o 13-18 years
o Age 13- self-breast exam (with menstrual cycle)
o Age 15- self-testicular exam
o Think about future decisions (college)
o Anorexia (never satisfied) and Bulimia (can’t tell just by looking at them) and
differences
o Depression and suicide
o STDs and sexual experimentation
o Think everyone is critical of them
