Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11e C) closed system.
(Madigan/Martinko) D) nucleoid system.
Chapter 1: Microorganisms and Microbiology Answer: B
1) Which statement is not true as a general 7) Changes in cellular characteristics are
rule? transmitted to offspring through the process of
A) Microbial cells exist as single cells or in cell A) chemical signaling.
clusters. B) reproductive initiative.
B) Microbial cells carry out their life processes C) evolution.
independently. D) none of the above.
C) Microbial cells include both bacteria and Answer: C
viruses. 8) Catalysts involved in the acceleration of the
D) Microbial cells exclude the cells of plants and rate of chemical reactions are called
animals. A) catalytic converters.
Answer: C B) growth agents.
2) Basic microbiology can be used to C) evolutionary molecules.
A) probe the nature of life processes. D) enzymes.
B) study biochemical properties common to all Answer: D
cells. 9) Regarding early life on Earth:
C) model our understanding of cell function in A) Microbial life existed on Earth for billions of
higher organisms. years before plant and animal life.
D) all of the above. B) Microbial life existed on Earth long before
Answer: D animals but has been around for about the same
3) Applied microbiology deals with problems in amount of time as plants.
A) medicine. C) Microbial life, plant life, and animal life all
B) agriculture. appeared at about the same time.
C) industry. D) It is impossible to determine which type of life
D) all of the above. first appeared on Earth.
Answer: D Answer: A
4) The greatest source of biomass on Earth 10) Most prokaryotic cells reside
comes from A) on the Earth's surface.
A) prokaryotic cells. B) in the Earth's lakes, rivers, and oceans.
B) plants. C) in and on non-prokaryotic organisms
C) animals. (including humans and other animals).
D) plants and animals together. D) in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
Answer: A Answer: D
5) The cell's genetic information is found in the 11) The person who described the "wee
A) cell membrane. animalcules" was
B) nucleus or nucleoid. A) Hooke.
C) cytoplasm. B) van Leeuwenhoek.
D) none of the above. C) Pasteur.
Answer: B D) Cohn.
6) Because the cell communicates, exchanges Answer: B
materials with its environment, and undergoes 12) Fannie Hesse is credited with giving
change, it is called a(n) __________ the ideas for using agar as a
A) ancestral system. solidifying agent.
B) dynamic entity. A) Pasteur
,B) Cohn D) aquatic microbiology.
C) Koch Answer: A
D) Winogradsky 19) Microbial sterilization is used to
Answer: C A) decrease the possibility of contaminants
13) Which of the following is/are characteristic growing in a culture.
of cellular organisms? B) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other
A) Metabolism microbes.
B) Reproduction C) kill all microbes in or on objects.
C) Communication D) clean a work area.
D) All of the above Answer: C
Answer: D 20) Flat covered dishes used for growing
14) Which of the following is not a major microbes are most commonly called
ecosystem? A) Petri dishes.
A) Aquatic B) baker dishes.
B) Terrestrial C) sterilization plates.
C) Atmospheric D) culture medium plates.
D) Higher organisms, both plant and animal Answer: A
Answer: C 21) Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation
15) Which statement is true? in plants live in __________ while those playing a
A) Populations are assemblages of microbial role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live
communities. in __________.
B) Microbial communities are assemblages of A) rumens / nodules
populations. B) nodules / rumens
C) Habitats are assemblages of microbial C) nodules / fortrans
communities. D) fortrans / rumens
D) Populations are assemblages of habitats. Answer: B
Answer: B 22) Genetic engineering could best be described
16) The export of U.S. beef to foreign markets as
was shut down in 2003 due to A) the creating of life from non-life.
A) AIDS. B) the artificial manipulation of genes and their
B) smallpox. products.
C) tuberculosis. C) the treating of diseases with synthetic drugs.
D) mad cow disease. D) the expansion of the biomass to meet specific
Answer: D needs.
17) During a very scientifically productive Answer: B
period in his life, Pasteur developed vaccines for 23) The ultimate downfall of the theory of
A) anthrax. spontaneous generation was the result of work by
B) fowl cholera. A) Pasteur.
C) rabies. B) Koch.
D) all of the above. C) Hooke.
Answer: D D) Leeuwenhoek.
18) The discovery of antibiotics and other Answer: A
important chemicals led to the field of 24) A Pasteur flask has a(n)
A) industrial microbiology. A) swan neck to prevent air particles from getting
B) agricultural microbiology. into the main body of the flask.
C) marine microbiology.
,B) double neck so two substances may be added D) bacterial energetics.
at the same time. Answer: B
C) secondary opening at the base to allow for 31) Viruses that attack bacteria are known as
drainage. A) bacterial consumers.
D) inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while B) bacteriophages.
swirling. C) microphages.
Answer: A D) viroids.
25) Koch's greatest accomplishment in the field Answer: B
of medical bacteriology was with 32) Without microorganisms, all higher life
A) Escherichia coli. forms on Earth would cease to exist.
B) Bacillus subtilis. Answer: TRUE
C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 33) Most microorganisms are pathogenic.
D) Bacillus cereus. Answer: FALSE
Answer: C 34) All microorganisms require molecular
26) A pure culture oxygen to carry on life functions.
A) is sterile. Answer: FALSE
B) has only one type of organism growing in or 35) Metabolism is common to all living
on it. organisms.
C) is made of a clearly defined chemical medium. Answer: TRUE
D) was cultured for a certified stock culture. 36) According to our present understanding,
Answer: B each of the major domains has what is known as
27) Beijerinck was the first to isolate its own universal ancestor.
A) many soil and aquatic microorganisms. Answer: FALSE
B) certain aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria. 37) Microbiology as a distinct science did not
C) certain sulfate reducing bacteria. develop until the eighteenth century.
D) all of the above. Answer: FALSE
Answer: D 38) The location in an environment where a
28) Chemolithotrophy involves the population lives is the habitat.
A) oxidation of organic compounds. Answer: TRUE
B) oxidation of inorganic compounds. 39) Differentiation occurs only in multi-cellular
C) reduction of organic compounds. organisms.
D) metabolic autotrophy. Answer: FALSE
Answer: B 40) The study of nutrients that microorganisms
29) Advances in immunology and medical require is known as microbial systematics.
microbiology are, most specifically, practical Answer: FALSE
extensions of the work of 41) Smallpox is a major killer in parts of the
A) Winogradsky. developing world.
B) Leeuwenhoek. Answer: FALSE
C) Lister. 42) Winogradsky worked with soil bacteria
D) Koch. involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur.
Answer: D Answer: TRUE
30) Microbial control in wastewater treatment 43) The four macromolecules common to all
plants would most logically be a part of cells are: __________, __________, __________,
A) microbial genetics. and __________.
B) microbial ecology. Answer: protein / lipid / carbohydrate / nucleic
C) microbial technology. acid (any order)
, 44) Our concept of what is alive is constrained Answer: Answers will vary, but an enrichment
by __________. culture uses media, chemicals or culture
Answer: what we can observe on Earth or deduce conditions to select for or enhance specific
from the fossil record characteristics of an organism
45) The study of the physical and chemical 55) Why is it incorrect to say an object is
structure of microorganisms would be a part of partially sterile?
microbial __________. Answer: Answers will vary, but sterile means the
Answer: cytology absence of living organisms. Something is either
46) List three contributions of Ferdinand Cohn to sterile or it is not.
the development of microbiology. 56) The microbes were first formally observed in
Answer: Answers could possibly include: the mid-1600s, but the cell theory wasn't
founding bacteriology as a separate science, enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay
studying Beggiatoa, discovering the genus explaining why microbiology did not become a
Bacillus (along with its endospore formation and formally recognized science until Pasteur's and
its life cycle), devising methods to prevent Koch's time.
contamination, and founding a major scientific 57) Compare and contrast the works of Louis
journal. Pasteur and Robert Koch in terms of both applied
47) The process whereby microorganisms are and basic science.
used to help clean up pollution created by human 58) Explain why microbial cells are excellent
activities is known as __________. models for understanding cell function in higher
Answer: bioremediation organisms.
48) An ecosystem could be defined as Answer: Answers will vary but should include
__________ along with their __________. commonality of function, biochemical and genetic
Answer: living organisms / chemical and physical similarities, and ease and speed with which they
environments can be grown in large quantities.
49) The first and foremost instrument of the 59) Compare and contrast the leading causes of
microbiologist is the __________. death in 1900 with the leading causes of death
Answer: microscope today. What roles have microbiologists played in
50) Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize the dramatic changes which are evident?
for Physiology or Medicine for __________. 60) Consider hypothetical disease X. How
Answer: his work with the tuberculosis bacterium would Koch's postulates be used to demonstrate
51) The disease anthrax is caused by the whether or not organism Y is the causative agent
organism __________ which produces heat- of disease X?
resistant structures known as __________. 61) Explain how bacteria can be both beneficial
Answer: Bacillus anthracis / endospores and detrimental to the food industry.
52) Microbial biochemistry involves the 62) Describe some of the essential functions
discovery of __________ and the __________. which must be encoded by a "minimalist
Answer: microbial enzymes / chemical reactions genome."
they carry out Answer: Answers will vary, but should minimally
53) Nucleic acid sequencing has allowed for the include metabolism, reproduction,
development of the field of __________ and the communication, and ability to evolve. Some
subdiscipline of __________. answers may include differentiation and
Answer: genomics / proteomics movement.
54) Explain the nature and function of an Chapter 2: An Overview of Microbial Life
enrichment culture. 1) The presence of membrane-enclosed
organelles is a characteristic of
(Madigan/Martinko) D) nucleoid system.
Chapter 1: Microorganisms and Microbiology Answer: B
1) Which statement is not true as a general 7) Changes in cellular characteristics are
rule? transmitted to offspring through the process of
A) Microbial cells exist as single cells or in cell A) chemical signaling.
clusters. B) reproductive initiative.
B) Microbial cells carry out their life processes C) evolution.
independently. D) none of the above.
C) Microbial cells include both bacteria and Answer: C
viruses. 8) Catalysts involved in the acceleration of the
D) Microbial cells exclude the cells of plants and rate of chemical reactions are called
animals. A) catalytic converters.
Answer: C B) growth agents.
2) Basic microbiology can be used to C) evolutionary molecules.
A) probe the nature of life processes. D) enzymes.
B) study biochemical properties common to all Answer: D
cells. 9) Regarding early life on Earth:
C) model our understanding of cell function in A) Microbial life existed on Earth for billions of
higher organisms. years before plant and animal life.
D) all of the above. B) Microbial life existed on Earth long before
Answer: D animals but has been around for about the same
3) Applied microbiology deals with problems in amount of time as plants.
A) medicine. C) Microbial life, plant life, and animal life all
B) agriculture. appeared at about the same time.
C) industry. D) It is impossible to determine which type of life
D) all of the above. first appeared on Earth.
Answer: D Answer: A
4) The greatest source of biomass on Earth 10) Most prokaryotic cells reside
comes from A) on the Earth's surface.
A) prokaryotic cells. B) in the Earth's lakes, rivers, and oceans.
B) plants. C) in and on non-prokaryotic organisms
C) animals. (including humans and other animals).
D) plants and animals together. D) in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
Answer: A Answer: D
5) The cell's genetic information is found in the 11) The person who described the "wee
A) cell membrane. animalcules" was
B) nucleus or nucleoid. A) Hooke.
C) cytoplasm. B) van Leeuwenhoek.
D) none of the above. C) Pasteur.
Answer: B D) Cohn.
6) Because the cell communicates, exchanges Answer: B
materials with its environment, and undergoes 12) Fannie Hesse is credited with giving
change, it is called a(n) __________ the ideas for using agar as a
A) ancestral system. solidifying agent.
B) dynamic entity. A) Pasteur
,B) Cohn D) aquatic microbiology.
C) Koch Answer: A
D) Winogradsky 19) Microbial sterilization is used to
Answer: C A) decrease the possibility of contaminants
13) Which of the following is/are characteristic growing in a culture.
of cellular organisms? B) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other
A) Metabolism microbes.
B) Reproduction C) kill all microbes in or on objects.
C) Communication D) clean a work area.
D) All of the above Answer: C
Answer: D 20) Flat covered dishes used for growing
14) Which of the following is not a major microbes are most commonly called
ecosystem? A) Petri dishes.
A) Aquatic B) baker dishes.
B) Terrestrial C) sterilization plates.
C) Atmospheric D) culture medium plates.
D) Higher organisms, both plant and animal Answer: A
Answer: C 21) Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation
15) Which statement is true? in plants live in __________ while those playing a
A) Populations are assemblages of microbial role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live
communities. in __________.
B) Microbial communities are assemblages of A) rumens / nodules
populations. B) nodules / rumens
C) Habitats are assemblages of microbial C) nodules / fortrans
communities. D) fortrans / rumens
D) Populations are assemblages of habitats. Answer: B
Answer: B 22) Genetic engineering could best be described
16) The export of U.S. beef to foreign markets as
was shut down in 2003 due to A) the creating of life from non-life.
A) AIDS. B) the artificial manipulation of genes and their
B) smallpox. products.
C) tuberculosis. C) the treating of diseases with synthetic drugs.
D) mad cow disease. D) the expansion of the biomass to meet specific
Answer: D needs.
17) During a very scientifically productive Answer: B
period in his life, Pasteur developed vaccines for 23) The ultimate downfall of the theory of
A) anthrax. spontaneous generation was the result of work by
B) fowl cholera. A) Pasteur.
C) rabies. B) Koch.
D) all of the above. C) Hooke.
Answer: D D) Leeuwenhoek.
18) The discovery of antibiotics and other Answer: A
important chemicals led to the field of 24) A Pasteur flask has a(n)
A) industrial microbiology. A) swan neck to prevent air particles from getting
B) agricultural microbiology. into the main body of the flask.
C) marine microbiology.
,B) double neck so two substances may be added D) bacterial energetics.
at the same time. Answer: B
C) secondary opening at the base to allow for 31) Viruses that attack bacteria are known as
drainage. A) bacterial consumers.
D) inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while B) bacteriophages.
swirling. C) microphages.
Answer: A D) viroids.
25) Koch's greatest accomplishment in the field Answer: B
of medical bacteriology was with 32) Without microorganisms, all higher life
A) Escherichia coli. forms on Earth would cease to exist.
B) Bacillus subtilis. Answer: TRUE
C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 33) Most microorganisms are pathogenic.
D) Bacillus cereus. Answer: FALSE
Answer: C 34) All microorganisms require molecular
26) A pure culture oxygen to carry on life functions.
A) is sterile. Answer: FALSE
B) has only one type of organism growing in or 35) Metabolism is common to all living
on it. organisms.
C) is made of a clearly defined chemical medium. Answer: TRUE
D) was cultured for a certified stock culture. 36) According to our present understanding,
Answer: B each of the major domains has what is known as
27) Beijerinck was the first to isolate its own universal ancestor.
A) many soil and aquatic microorganisms. Answer: FALSE
B) certain aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria. 37) Microbiology as a distinct science did not
C) certain sulfate reducing bacteria. develop until the eighteenth century.
D) all of the above. Answer: FALSE
Answer: D 38) The location in an environment where a
28) Chemolithotrophy involves the population lives is the habitat.
A) oxidation of organic compounds. Answer: TRUE
B) oxidation of inorganic compounds. 39) Differentiation occurs only in multi-cellular
C) reduction of organic compounds. organisms.
D) metabolic autotrophy. Answer: FALSE
Answer: B 40) The study of nutrients that microorganisms
29) Advances in immunology and medical require is known as microbial systematics.
microbiology are, most specifically, practical Answer: FALSE
extensions of the work of 41) Smallpox is a major killer in parts of the
A) Winogradsky. developing world.
B) Leeuwenhoek. Answer: FALSE
C) Lister. 42) Winogradsky worked with soil bacteria
D) Koch. involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur.
Answer: D Answer: TRUE
30) Microbial control in wastewater treatment 43) The four macromolecules common to all
plants would most logically be a part of cells are: __________, __________, __________,
A) microbial genetics. and __________.
B) microbial ecology. Answer: protein / lipid / carbohydrate / nucleic
C) microbial technology. acid (any order)
, 44) Our concept of what is alive is constrained Answer: Answers will vary, but an enrichment
by __________. culture uses media, chemicals or culture
Answer: what we can observe on Earth or deduce conditions to select for or enhance specific
from the fossil record characteristics of an organism
45) The study of the physical and chemical 55) Why is it incorrect to say an object is
structure of microorganisms would be a part of partially sterile?
microbial __________. Answer: Answers will vary, but sterile means the
Answer: cytology absence of living organisms. Something is either
46) List three contributions of Ferdinand Cohn to sterile or it is not.
the development of microbiology. 56) The microbes were first formally observed in
Answer: Answers could possibly include: the mid-1600s, but the cell theory wasn't
founding bacteriology as a separate science, enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay
studying Beggiatoa, discovering the genus explaining why microbiology did not become a
Bacillus (along with its endospore formation and formally recognized science until Pasteur's and
its life cycle), devising methods to prevent Koch's time.
contamination, and founding a major scientific 57) Compare and contrast the works of Louis
journal. Pasteur and Robert Koch in terms of both applied
47) The process whereby microorganisms are and basic science.
used to help clean up pollution created by human 58) Explain why microbial cells are excellent
activities is known as __________. models for understanding cell function in higher
Answer: bioremediation organisms.
48) An ecosystem could be defined as Answer: Answers will vary but should include
__________ along with their __________. commonality of function, biochemical and genetic
Answer: living organisms / chemical and physical similarities, and ease and speed with which they
environments can be grown in large quantities.
49) The first and foremost instrument of the 59) Compare and contrast the leading causes of
microbiologist is the __________. death in 1900 with the leading causes of death
Answer: microscope today. What roles have microbiologists played in
50) Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize the dramatic changes which are evident?
for Physiology or Medicine for __________. 60) Consider hypothetical disease X. How
Answer: his work with the tuberculosis bacterium would Koch's postulates be used to demonstrate
51) The disease anthrax is caused by the whether or not organism Y is the causative agent
organism __________ which produces heat- of disease X?
resistant structures known as __________. 61) Explain how bacteria can be both beneficial
Answer: Bacillus anthracis / endospores and detrimental to the food industry.
52) Microbial biochemistry involves the 62) Describe some of the essential functions
discovery of __________ and the __________. which must be encoded by a "minimalist
Answer: microbial enzymes / chemical reactions genome."
they carry out Answer: Answers will vary, but should minimally
53) Nucleic acid sequencing has allowed for the include metabolism, reproduction,
development of the field of __________ and the communication, and ability to evolve. Some
subdiscipline of __________. answers may include differentiation and
Answer: genomics / proteomics movement.
54) Explain the nature and function of an Chapter 2: An Overview of Microbial Life
enrichment culture. 1) The presence of membrane-enclosed
organelles is a characteristic of
