C785 Biochemistry Review Module 1 2020 – Western Governors University

C785 Biochemistry Review Module 1 2020 – Western Governors University DNA 1. Located in nucleus 2. Double helix 3. Nucleic acid 4. Adenine/Guanine/Cytosine/Thymine 5. A-T/C-G pairing 6. Duplicates itself and passes on to generation to generation 7. Contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs from mother and father) 8. Stores and transmits-chemicals and traits RNA 1. Carries important info from DNA to the body (Transcription) 2. Used to make proteins (Translation) 3. Single stranded 4. 3 types of RNA (mRNA- messenger contains codons, rRNA-ribosomal contains 2 subunits and tRNA- transfer amino acid with end codon) 5. mRNA- Adenine/Guanine/Cytosine/Uracil 6. A-U/C-G pairing Central Dogma- replication of DNA process= DNA- transcription- RNA- translation Protein Steps of DNA replication 1. DNA must be separated 2. New DNA synthesized by a protein called DNA polymerase • DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches them up to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. • DNA polymerase does not start synthesis of a new strand, it must bind with a RNA primer • RNA primer is synthesized by RNA polymerase Genes- encoded with information/ small segment of DNA 1. Gene Expression- the ability to turn genes on and off 2. Epigenetics- packaging of DNA: DNA wrapped around histones to make nucleosomes • Wide spread nucleosomes=genes ON (i.e. a dance floor-more space you can get your dance ON) • Tightly packed nucleosomes = genes OFF • Environment can change genetics in generations Genetic sequence- 5’(phosphate)- 3’ (sugar) Non-Complementary Template Strand: non-coding Coding Strand: non-template Coding Strand: mRNA (identical) Non-Template Stand: mRNA Complementary Template Strand: non-template strand mRNA: tRNA/non-coding strand:mRNA Ex: 5’ ATG AGT CTC TCT 3’ Template strand: 3’ TAC TCA GAG AGA 5’ mRNA sequence: 5’ AUG AGU CUC UCU 3’ Protein Sequence 1. Used in mRNA form only from 5’ – 3’ for the chart 2. Mutations are found from the protein sequence Splicing- introns are cut out and the remainging exons are joined together Protein Mutations POINT MUTATIONS 1. Nonsense- change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP (found on the mRNA amino acid chart) 2. Silent- Change in 1 nucleotide but does not change amino acid 3. Missense- Change in 1 nucleotide leads to coding a new amino acid