311 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
S-R COMPATIBILITY - RT faster, more accurate when spatial relations are congruent—stimulus and response
location
- More favoured=pre-programmed/pre determined cognitive response/programming
- Evidence in 2 choice RT task —faster ipsilateral than contralateral
Why is it important?
1. Key in everyday tasks —from lab tasks to more complex use of machinery
2. Insight to cognitive processes between perception and action
1. S and R coded in terms of spatial location
KEY POINTS FOR S-R 2. When S and R spatial locations match=most compatible/favourable
COMPATIBILITY (4) 3. SRP effects attributed to greater efficiency in translating input-output
4. Can be explicit or implicit
Neuroanatomical = visual info and response programming integrated in same hemisphere
COGNITIVE CODING THEORY VS - So during ipsilateral conditions, same hemisphere integrates info and no delay due to no
NEUROANATOMICAL THEORY transfer of info needed to other hemisphere
WHICH IS MORE CORRECT? - In contralateral, there is a delay=need to transfer to other hem because response is
programmed in hemisphere contralateral to responding limb
Cognitive theory = suggests there is a automatic/pre-programmed response to responding in spatially
compatible way
- Most favourable/fastest to respond in same spatial location as stimulus
- We code for response location NOT hand/effector placement
- This is the correct theory = proven in experiment where hands in anatomical position and
sticks crossed= faster to respond in area where sticks were ipsilateral to stimulus
- Anatomical congruence b/w cerebral hemispheres is NOT coded —it is a function of
cognitive coding of stimulus and response representations
**in EMGs—double activation of agonist muscle was seen for contralateral conditions = inhibition
involved
Evidence that position of response goal is coded and not position of effector
- Hold drumsticks with crossed hands vs uncrossed
- With crossed=overall latency observed, direction of response compatibility reverses
- Effects of longer RT with crossed sticks= due to crossing of response goal
- Our frame of reference is flexible and always changing
FRAMES OF REFERENCE - Influences how we code info
- Steering wheel experiment = when hands placed on top responded to sound
- On bottom=responded to instruction because focused on hands
**spatial coding of stim and response sets can be flexible, depends on performer’s frame of reference
ORTHOGONAL SPATIAL
COMPATIBILITY - Stimulus and response layout do not explicitly match/have obvious features When stimulus
is vertical and response is horizontal
- We respond in terms of salient features = what stands out
- Up, R and down, L show mapping advantage
- Depends on relative space of apparatus—if switch on R, more likely to choose CW mapping
SALIENT FEATURES AND Salient features = dimensions that stand out from a stimulus
CODING PRINCIPLE 1. S and R sets can be coded in terms of salient features of both dimensions
2. Translation is faster when S and R codes are mapped tgt/correspond than when they dont
correspond
, 1.vert stimulus dimension and horizontal response dimension coded asymmetrically
2. Codes for up, R more favourable than down, L
3. Position of response apparatus influences relative salience of response element
corresponding to apparatus placement
DEFINE THE SIMON EFFECT - In 2-choice RT task even when spatial compatibility is not relevant, still seen to influence
- evidence? response
- Only time when not seen=when stimulus at midline
- This is dimensional overlap
- Also seen when words ‘right’ or ‘left’ presented to ear
corresponding to command= dec RT
Evidence: premotor study**observed in premotor time interval
- Double activation of agonist muscle= indicative of
inhibition response when spatially incompatible
DIMENSIONAL OVERLAP AND 1. When dimensions overlap for S and R such as space=
COMPETITION compatibility determined based on these elements
2. Elements of stimulus that are obvious can automatically activate corresponding elements in
response set (i.e: L stim with L response)
3. If activated response is required one=occurs rapidly
4. If activated response not required=initiated slowly, prone to errors
DUAL RESPONSE MODEL
- Relates to competition in dimensional overlap
- Has 2 conditions:
1. unconditional (unintentional, pre programmed—abrupt stimulus onset automatically primes
spatially corresponding response )
2. Conditional —intentional,task dependent S-R transformation applied to intentionally translate
stimulus code to appropriate response
**An automatic response (pre-programmed to spatially compatible) is compared with intentional
response (what is actually required to respond)=these are compared=if matched=fast
- If not matched=slow
EEG - Electroencephalography
- Measures electrical activity on cortical surface of brain
- Gives insight to movement and anticipation (SI,RS, RP)
- Odd # of electrode= L side, even#= R side
- Letters correspond to anatomical landmarks
- Frequency = level of functioning
MEG - Magnetoencephalography
- Measures electrical current over excitable tissue such as cortex
- Produced perpendicularly from electrical current
ERP—EVENT RELATED
POTENTIALS - Time locked portion of EEG of specific event =cognitive, sensory or motor
- What is it? - Gives electrophysiological insight to brain
- How is it extracted? - Present stimulus multiple times and from continuous EEG, take out all before/after
S-R COMPATIBILITY - RT faster, more accurate when spatial relations are congruent—stimulus and response
location
- More favoured=pre-programmed/pre determined cognitive response/programming
- Evidence in 2 choice RT task —faster ipsilateral than contralateral
Why is it important?
1. Key in everyday tasks —from lab tasks to more complex use of machinery
2. Insight to cognitive processes between perception and action
1. S and R coded in terms of spatial location
KEY POINTS FOR S-R 2. When S and R spatial locations match=most compatible/favourable
COMPATIBILITY (4) 3. SRP effects attributed to greater efficiency in translating input-output
4. Can be explicit or implicit
Neuroanatomical = visual info and response programming integrated in same hemisphere
COGNITIVE CODING THEORY VS - So during ipsilateral conditions, same hemisphere integrates info and no delay due to no
NEUROANATOMICAL THEORY transfer of info needed to other hemisphere
WHICH IS MORE CORRECT? - In contralateral, there is a delay=need to transfer to other hem because response is
programmed in hemisphere contralateral to responding limb
Cognitive theory = suggests there is a automatic/pre-programmed response to responding in spatially
compatible way
- Most favourable/fastest to respond in same spatial location as stimulus
- We code for response location NOT hand/effector placement
- This is the correct theory = proven in experiment where hands in anatomical position and
sticks crossed= faster to respond in area where sticks were ipsilateral to stimulus
- Anatomical congruence b/w cerebral hemispheres is NOT coded —it is a function of
cognitive coding of stimulus and response representations
**in EMGs—double activation of agonist muscle was seen for contralateral conditions = inhibition
involved
Evidence that position of response goal is coded and not position of effector
- Hold drumsticks with crossed hands vs uncrossed
- With crossed=overall latency observed, direction of response compatibility reverses
- Effects of longer RT with crossed sticks= due to crossing of response goal
- Our frame of reference is flexible and always changing
FRAMES OF REFERENCE - Influences how we code info
- Steering wheel experiment = when hands placed on top responded to sound
- On bottom=responded to instruction because focused on hands
**spatial coding of stim and response sets can be flexible, depends on performer’s frame of reference
ORTHOGONAL SPATIAL
COMPATIBILITY - Stimulus and response layout do not explicitly match/have obvious features When stimulus
is vertical and response is horizontal
- We respond in terms of salient features = what stands out
- Up, R and down, L show mapping advantage
- Depends on relative space of apparatus—if switch on R, more likely to choose CW mapping
SALIENT FEATURES AND Salient features = dimensions that stand out from a stimulus
CODING PRINCIPLE 1. S and R sets can be coded in terms of salient features of both dimensions
2. Translation is faster when S and R codes are mapped tgt/correspond than when they dont
correspond
, 1.vert stimulus dimension and horizontal response dimension coded asymmetrically
2. Codes for up, R more favourable than down, L
3. Position of response apparatus influences relative salience of response element
corresponding to apparatus placement
DEFINE THE SIMON EFFECT - In 2-choice RT task even when spatial compatibility is not relevant, still seen to influence
- evidence? response
- Only time when not seen=when stimulus at midline
- This is dimensional overlap
- Also seen when words ‘right’ or ‘left’ presented to ear
corresponding to command= dec RT
Evidence: premotor study**observed in premotor time interval
- Double activation of agonist muscle= indicative of
inhibition response when spatially incompatible
DIMENSIONAL OVERLAP AND 1. When dimensions overlap for S and R such as space=
COMPETITION compatibility determined based on these elements
2. Elements of stimulus that are obvious can automatically activate corresponding elements in
response set (i.e: L stim with L response)
3. If activated response is required one=occurs rapidly
4. If activated response not required=initiated slowly, prone to errors
DUAL RESPONSE MODEL
- Relates to competition in dimensional overlap
- Has 2 conditions:
1. unconditional (unintentional, pre programmed—abrupt stimulus onset automatically primes
spatially corresponding response )
2. Conditional —intentional,task dependent S-R transformation applied to intentionally translate
stimulus code to appropriate response
**An automatic response (pre-programmed to spatially compatible) is compared with intentional
response (what is actually required to respond)=these are compared=if matched=fast
- If not matched=slow
EEG - Electroencephalography
- Measures electrical activity on cortical surface of brain
- Gives insight to movement and anticipation (SI,RS, RP)
- Odd # of electrode= L side, even#= R side
- Letters correspond to anatomical landmarks
- Frequency = level of functioning
MEG - Magnetoencephalography
- Measures electrical current over excitable tissue such as cortex
- Produced perpendicularly from electrical current
ERP—EVENT RELATED
POTENTIALS - Time locked portion of EEG of specific event =cognitive, sensory or motor
- What is it? - Gives electrophysiological insight to brain
- How is it extracted? - Present stimulus multiple times and from continuous EEG, take out all before/after
