Psychology of language
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Defining language ................................................................................................................ 20
Language as a system ........................................................................................................... 20
Form-meaning pairings ........................................................................................................ 20
Language use ........................................................................................................................ 20
Intentional communication ................................................................................................... 20
Communicating meaning ..................................................................................................... 21
Exams and assignments ........................................................................................................ 21
Lecture 2: Origins of Human Language ........................................................................................................... 22
This chapter .......................................................................................................................... 22
There is no scientific agreement for the questions ‘is language uniquely human?’ and ‘Are
humans hardwired for language’ .......................................................................................... 22
Nativism (in the field of (psycho)linguistic ......................................................................... 23
Is language uniquely human?............................................................................................ 23
Differences between apes and humans ............................................................................. 23
Can apes learn human language? ..................................................................................... 24
Some critical notes on animal studies .............................................................................. 24
Are humans hardwired for language? ............................................................................. 24
Hockett’s Design features of language (see also page 13 from the book in box 2.1) ...... 25
Development of language(s) ................................................................................................ 27
Isn’t that evidence that humans are hardwired for language? .......................................... 28
Chapter 1 book .................................................................................................................................................... 29
Psycholinguistics .............................................................................................................. 29
Theoretical linguists ......................................................................................................... 29
Computational linguists.................................................................................................... 29
Neurolinguists and cognitive neuroscientists ................................................................... 29
Biolinguists....................................................................................................................... 29
Language typologists........................................................................................................ 29
Historical linguists............................................................................................................ 29
Q&A Seminar Week 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 29
Wat moet je leren?................................................................................................................ 29
Sign languages...................................................................................................................... 29
1
, Sign languages: no vocal-auditory channel, yet… ............................................................... 30
.......................................................................................................................................... 30
Sign languages: which design features? ............................................................................... 31
Which features seem to be unique to human? ...................................................................... 31
In what ways is our language use now different from 100 years ago? ................................ 31
In what ways is our language use now different from your parents, say 25 years ago? ...... 32
Language use in the digital age ............................................................................................ 32
Chapter 2 book .................................................................................................................................................... 32
Nativist view .................................................................................................................... 32
Anti-nativist view ............................................................................................................. 32
Evolutionary adaption ...................................................................................................... 32
Joint attention ................................................................................................................... 32
Syntax ............................................................................................................................... 32
Recursion .......................................................................................................................... 32
Universal grammer ........................................................................................................... 33
Affective pathway ............................................................................................................ 33
Cognitive pathway............................................................................................................ 33
Homesign ......................................................................................................................... 33
Linguistic code ................................................................................................................. 33
Sensitive period ................................................................................................................ 33
Williiams syndrome (WMS) ............................................................................................ 33
Mental age ........................................................................................................................ 33
Domain-specific perspective ............................................................................................ 33
Domain-general perspective ............................................................................................. 34
Cultural transmission view of language change ............................................................... 34
Lecture 3: Language and the Brain ................................................................................................................... 34
Goals for today ..................................................................................................................... 34
Brain anatomy ...................................................................................................................... 34
Innercorner of the brain: ................................................................................................... 34
Brain stem: ....................................................................................................................... 34
Spinal cord........................................................................................................................ 34
Corpus callosum ............................................................................................................... 34
Cortex: .............................................................................................................................. 34
Frontal lobe ...................................................................................................................... 35
Parietal lobe ...................................................................................................................... 35
Temporal lobe .................................................................................................................. 35
2
, Occipital lobe ................................................................................................................... 35
Brain anatomy – Brodmann areas .................................................................................... 35
Brodmann areas (AD 1909) ................................................................................................. 35
Aphasia ................................................................................................................................. 36
Two major types of euphasia................................................................................................ 36
Broca’s aphasia / People who suffer from it .................................................................... 36
Wernicke’s aphasia .......................................................................................................... 36
Brain anatomy – Brodmann areas ........................................................................................ 37
Voxel-based lesion-sympton mapping ................................................................................. 37
Limitations of patient studies ............................................................................................... 38
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ................................................................. 38
fMRI ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Strengths and limitations of fMRI ........................................................................................ 39
Electro-encephalogram (EEG) ............................................................................................. 40
EEG/ERP .............................................................................................................................. 40
N400 ..................................................................................................................................... 41
N400 ................................................................................................................................. 41
P600 ...................................................................................................................................... 41
Strengths and limitations of EEG ......................................................................................... 42
Lateralization of language function ...................................................................................... 42
Evidence from healthy individuals ....................................................................................... 42
Evidence from brain patient ................................................................................................. 43
Left picture (normal individual): ...................................................................................... 43
Middle picture (split-brain individual): ............................................................................ 43
Right picture (split-brain individual): .............................................................................. 44
What parts of language processing are performed by the right hemisphere? ...................... 44
Declarative-procedural model .............................................................................................. 44
Summary .............................................................................................................................. 44
Seminar (Wednesday 15-09) ................................................................................................ 45
Q&A Seminar 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Some observations................................................................................................................ 46
Treatment of aphasia ............................................................................................................ 46
What can communication scientists do? .............................................................................. 47
Chapter 3 (book) ................................................................................................................................................. 47
Neurolinguists .................................................................................................................. 47
Cerebral cortex ................................................................................................................. 47
3
, Aphasia ............................................................................................................................. 47
Broca’s aphasia ................................................................................................................ 47
Wernicke’s aphasia .......................................................................................................... 47
Brodmann areas ................................................................................................................ 47
Subcortical ........................................................................................................................ 47
Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) ............................................................. 47
Brain lateralization ........................................................................................................... 47
Corpus callosum ............................................................................................................... 48
Dichotic listening ............................................................................................................. 48
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ............................................................. 48
Hemodynamic changes .................................................................................................... 48
Positron emission tomography (PET) .............................................................................. 48
Double dissociation .......................................................................................................... 48
Declarative memory ......................................................................................................... 48
Ventral stream .................................................................................................................. 48
Dorsal stream .................................................................................................................... 48
While matter ..................................................................................................................... 48
Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) ............................................................... 48
Paralinguistic use.............................................................................................................. 48
Ions ................................................................................................................................... 49
dendrites ........................................................................................................................... 49
axon .................................................................................................................................. 49
synapse ............................................................................................................................. 49
Action potential ................................................................................................................ 49
Neurotransmitter............................................................................................................... 49
Postsynaptic potentials ..................................................................................................... 49
Electroencephalography (EEG) ........................................................................................ 49
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) .................................................................................... 49
Event-related potential (ERP) .......................................................................................... 49
N400 ................................................................................................................................. 49
P600 .................................................................................................................................. 49
Amusia ............................................................................................................................. 51
Auditory verbal agnosia ................................................................................................... 51
Lecture 4: Learning sounding patterns, part 1 ................................................................................................ 51
Where were we? ................................................................................................................... 51
Goals for today: .................................................................................................................... 51
Making sense of streams of sounds ...................................................................................... 51
4
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Defining language ................................................................................................................ 20
Language as a system ........................................................................................................... 20
Form-meaning pairings ........................................................................................................ 20
Language use ........................................................................................................................ 20
Intentional communication ................................................................................................... 20
Communicating meaning ..................................................................................................... 21
Exams and assignments ........................................................................................................ 21
Lecture 2: Origins of Human Language ........................................................................................................... 22
This chapter .......................................................................................................................... 22
There is no scientific agreement for the questions ‘is language uniquely human?’ and ‘Are
humans hardwired for language’ .......................................................................................... 22
Nativism (in the field of (psycho)linguistic ......................................................................... 23
Is language uniquely human?............................................................................................ 23
Differences between apes and humans ............................................................................. 23
Can apes learn human language? ..................................................................................... 24
Some critical notes on animal studies .............................................................................. 24
Are humans hardwired for language? ............................................................................. 24
Hockett’s Design features of language (see also page 13 from the book in box 2.1) ...... 25
Development of language(s) ................................................................................................ 27
Isn’t that evidence that humans are hardwired for language? .......................................... 28
Chapter 1 book .................................................................................................................................................... 29
Psycholinguistics .............................................................................................................. 29
Theoretical linguists ......................................................................................................... 29
Computational linguists.................................................................................................... 29
Neurolinguists and cognitive neuroscientists ................................................................... 29
Biolinguists....................................................................................................................... 29
Language typologists........................................................................................................ 29
Historical linguists............................................................................................................ 29
Q&A Seminar Week 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 29
Wat moet je leren?................................................................................................................ 29
Sign languages...................................................................................................................... 29
1
, Sign languages: no vocal-auditory channel, yet… ............................................................... 30
.......................................................................................................................................... 30
Sign languages: which design features? ............................................................................... 31
Which features seem to be unique to human? ...................................................................... 31
In what ways is our language use now different from 100 years ago? ................................ 31
In what ways is our language use now different from your parents, say 25 years ago? ...... 32
Language use in the digital age ............................................................................................ 32
Chapter 2 book .................................................................................................................................................... 32
Nativist view .................................................................................................................... 32
Anti-nativist view ............................................................................................................. 32
Evolutionary adaption ...................................................................................................... 32
Joint attention ................................................................................................................... 32
Syntax ............................................................................................................................... 32
Recursion .......................................................................................................................... 32
Universal grammer ........................................................................................................... 33
Affective pathway ............................................................................................................ 33
Cognitive pathway............................................................................................................ 33
Homesign ......................................................................................................................... 33
Linguistic code ................................................................................................................. 33
Sensitive period ................................................................................................................ 33
Williiams syndrome (WMS) ............................................................................................ 33
Mental age ........................................................................................................................ 33
Domain-specific perspective ............................................................................................ 33
Domain-general perspective ............................................................................................. 34
Cultural transmission view of language change ............................................................... 34
Lecture 3: Language and the Brain ................................................................................................................... 34
Goals for today ..................................................................................................................... 34
Brain anatomy ...................................................................................................................... 34
Innercorner of the brain: ................................................................................................... 34
Brain stem: ....................................................................................................................... 34
Spinal cord........................................................................................................................ 34
Corpus callosum ............................................................................................................... 34
Cortex: .............................................................................................................................. 34
Frontal lobe ...................................................................................................................... 35
Parietal lobe ...................................................................................................................... 35
Temporal lobe .................................................................................................................. 35
2
, Occipital lobe ................................................................................................................... 35
Brain anatomy – Brodmann areas .................................................................................... 35
Brodmann areas (AD 1909) ................................................................................................. 35
Aphasia ................................................................................................................................. 36
Two major types of euphasia................................................................................................ 36
Broca’s aphasia / People who suffer from it .................................................................... 36
Wernicke’s aphasia .......................................................................................................... 36
Brain anatomy – Brodmann areas ........................................................................................ 37
Voxel-based lesion-sympton mapping ................................................................................. 37
Limitations of patient studies ............................................................................................... 38
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ................................................................. 38
fMRI ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Strengths and limitations of fMRI ........................................................................................ 39
Electro-encephalogram (EEG) ............................................................................................. 40
EEG/ERP .............................................................................................................................. 40
N400 ..................................................................................................................................... 41
N400 ................................................................................................................................. 41
P600 ...................................................................................................................................... 41
Strengths and limitations of EEG ......................................................................................... 42
Lateralization of language function ...................................................................................... 42
Evidence from healthy individuals ....................................................................................... 42
Evidence from brain patient ................................................................................................. 43
Left picture (normal individual): ...................................................................................... 43
Middle picture (split-brain individual): ............................................................................ 43
Right picture (split-brain individual): .............................................................................. 44
What parts of language processing are performed by the right hemisphere? ...................... 44
Declarative-procedural model .............................................................................................. 44
Summary .............................................................................................................................. 44
Seminar (Wednesday 15-09) ................................................................................................ 45
Q&A Seminar 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Some observations................................................................................................................ 46
Treatment of aphasia ............................................................................................................ 46
What can communication scientists do? .............................................................................. 47
Chapter 3 (book) ................................................................................................................................................. 47
Neurolinguists .................................................................................................................. 47
Cerebral cortex ................................................................................................................. 47
3
, Aphasia ............................................................................................................................. 47
Broca’s aphasia ................................................................................................................ 47
Wernicke’s aphasia .......................................................................................................... 47
Brodmann areas ................................................................................................................ 47
Subcortical ........................................................................................................................ 47
Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) ............................................................. 47
Brain lateralization ........................................................................................................... 47
Corpus callosum ............................................................................................................... 48
Dichotic listening ............................................................................................................. 48
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ............................................................. 48
Hemodynamic changes .................................................................................................... 48
Positron emission tomography (PET) .............................................................................. 48
Double dissociation .......................................................................................................... 48
Declarative memory ......................................................................................................... 48
Ventral stream .................................................................................................................. 48
Dorsal stream .................................................................................................................... 48
While matter ..................................................................................................................... 48
Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) ............................................................... 48
Paralinguistic use.............................................................................................................. 48
Ions ................................................................................................................................... 49
dendrites ........................................................................................................................... 49
axon .................................................................................................................................. 49
synapse ............................................................................................................................. 49
Action potential ................................................................................................................ 49
Neurotransmitter............................................................................................................... 49
Postsynaptic potentials ..................................................................................................... 49
Electroencephalography (EEG) ........................................................................................ 49
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) .................................................................................... 49
Event-related potential (ERP) .......................................................................................... 49
N400 ................................................................................................................................. 49
P600 .................................................................................................................................. 49
Amusia ............................................................................................................................. 51
Auditory verbal agnosia ................................................................................................... 51
Lecture 4: Learning sounding patterns, part 1 ................................................................................................ 51
Where were we? ................................................................................................................... 51
Goals for today: .................................................................................................................... 51
Making sense of streams of sounds ...................................................................................... 51
4
