Hoorcolleges PSBK
Inhoudsopgave
HC1 Introductiecollege................................................................................................................................... 8
Waar gaat opvoeding over?.................................................................................................................................8
Wat is pedagogiek?..............................................................................................................................................8
Empirisch-analytische pedagogiek.......................................................................................................................8
Was de pedagogiek altijd al empirisch analytisch?.............................................................................................9
Langeveld en de normatieve pedagogiek............................................................................................................9
Langeveld en de normatieve pedagogiek..........................................................................................................10
“Verbeter de wereld begin bij de opvoeding” Naar een cultuur van inclusief burgerschap..............................10
Uitgangspunten..................................................................................................................................................11
HC2: Het bio-socio-ecologische model: introductie – nature vs. Nurture.......................................................11
‘Het misverstand opvoeding’.............................................................................................................................11
Gedragsgenetisch onderzoek met tweelingen en adoptiekinderen...................................................................11
Spoetnik effect....................................................................................................................................................11
Head Start..........................................................................................................................................................11
Arthur Jensen......................................................................................................................................................12
Genetica & intelligentie: een geladen debat......................................................................................................12
Debat in Vlaanderen..........................................................................................................................................12
Bezwaren tegen het gedragsgenetische model.................................................................................................12
Effecten van adoptie naar sociaaleconomische status (SES) van het adoptiegezin (Duyme et al., 1999).........12
Het ‘Flynn-effect’ (o.a. Flynn, 1987)...................................................................................................................13
Verklaringen?.....................................................................................................................................................13
Nature-nurture paradox.....................................................................................................................................13
Gilbert Gottlieb...................................................................................................................................................13
Antisociale gedragsstoornis...............................................................................................................................13
Antisociaal gedrag: G x E (Caspi et al., 2002)....................................................................................................13
Tweelingstudie dyslexie: G x E............................................................................................................................14
Ontwikkeling onder invloed van SES..................................................................................................................14
‘Ontwikkeling’ – verwarrend begrip...................................................................................................................14
Effect vs affect....................................................................................................................................................14
HC3 Pedagogische systemen: Het bio-socio-ecologische model: G x E volgens Bronfenbrenner.....................14
Individuele ontwikkeling en leren: Proces = Persoon × Context × Tijd...............................................................15
Proximale processen (epigenese).......................................................................................................................15
Proces.................................................................................................................................................................15
, Persoon...............................................................................................................................................................15
Context...............................................................................................................................................................15
De ecologische systemen van het ontwikkelende kind......................................................................................16
Tijd......................................................................................................................................................................16
Persoonlijkheidskenmerk zelfcontrole – dynamisch proces in micro-tijd...........................................................16
Schoolovergang in meso-tijd..............................................................................................................................16
Beleidsontwikkelingen in macrotijd...................................................................................................................17
Tijd heelt.….........................................................................................................................................................17
Lastig temperament: wie van de twee?.............................................................................................................17
Veronderstellingen.............................................................................................................................................17
Optimaliseren van de ontwikkeling van kinderen..............................................................................................18
Dysfunctie vs. Competentie................................................................................................................................18
Veerkracht (‘resilience’) in risicosituaties...........................................................................................................18
Competentie en talentontwikkeling...................................................................................................................19
Pedagogiek: waarden-betrokken handelingswetenschap.................................................................................19
HC4 Het biologische systeem, genen en epigenetica.....................................................................................19
Bio-ecologische theorie......................................................................................................................................19
Omgeving en biologie........................................................................................................................................19
Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Trough Age 8...........................................................................19
Nieuwste inzichten (H3, Transforming the workforce)......................................................................................20
Waarom lijken kinderen op hun ouders?...........................................................................................................20
Correlaties en interacties...................................................................................................................................21
Gen-omgeving correlaties..................................................................................................................................21
Erfelijkheid en omgeving....................................................................................................................................22
DNA....................................................................................................................................................................22
DNA molecuul.....................................................................................................................................................22
DNA en genen.....................................................................................................................................................23
Wat doen genen?...............................................................................................................................................23
Hongerwinter.....................................................................................................................................................23
Epigenetica.........................................................................................................................................................23
Conclusies...........................................................................................................................................................24
Temperament.....................................................................................................................................................24
Implicaties reactiviteit........................................................................................................................................25
HC5: Hersenontwikkeling en het stresssysteem............................................................................................25
De hersenen en hun cellen.................................................................................................................................25
Zenuwcel of neuron............................................................................................................................................25
Anatomie van de hersenen................................................................................................................................25
Hersenontwikkeling............................................................................................................................................25
1
, Stadia hersenontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................26
Overproductie en pruning..................................................................................................................................26
Aantal synaptische verbindingen neemt na de geboorte explosief toe.............................................................26
Myelinisatie of ontwikkeling witte stof..............................................................................................................26
‘Rise-and-Fall’.....................................................................................................................................................27
Hersenontwikkeling............................................................................................................................................27
Neuroplasticiteit.................................................................................................................................................27
Samenvatting hersenontwikkeling.....................................................................................................................27
Twee biologische stresssystemen.......................................................................................................................28
HPA-system of stresssysteem.............................................................................................................................28
HPA-systeem en Cortisol....................................................................................................................................28
Achtergronden en functie van cortisol...............................................................................................................28
Ontwikkeling HPA-as..........................................................................................................................................29
Effecten van stress..............................................................................................................................................29
Hersenontwikkeling en omgeving......................................................................................................................30
HC6: Gezin: Micro: het ouderbrein, ouder-kind interacties, gehechtheid.......................................................30
Hormonale veranderingen.................................................................................................................................30
Biologische processen bij ouders........................................................................................................................30
Baby’s worden geboren om sociale wezens te worden.....................................................................................31
Kenmerken van de baby.....................................................................................................................................31
Huilen (crying, fussing, colic) bij baby’s.............................................................................................................31
Wat moet een mens leren?................................................................................................................................31
............................................................................................................................................................................31
Baby’s worden geboren om sociale wezens te worden.....................................................................................32
Microprocessen..................................................................................................................................................32
Veranderingen rond 3 maanden........................................................................................................................32
Veranderingen vanaf 9 maanden......................................................................................................................33
De ontwikkeling van sociaal-cognitieve processen............................................................................................33
Ontwikkeling gezichtsherkenning.....................................................................................................................33
Volgen van de kijkrichting..................................................................................................................................33
Joint attention....................................................................................................................................................33
Aandacht voor andermans emoties...................................................................................................................33
Imitatie...............................................................................................................................................................34
Imiteren en het Mirror neuron system of spiegelneuronen system...................................................................34
Theory of Mind...................................................................................................................................................34
Gehechtheid (attachment).................................................................................................................................34
Kenmerken van gehechtheid..............................................................................................................................34
Gehechtheid is een buffer tegen stress..............................................................................................................35
2
, Determinanten van de kwaliteit van de gehechtheid........................................................................................35
Hebben baby’s emoties?....................................................................................................................................35
De basisemotietheorie (BET)..............................................................................................................................35
Constructivistische emotie theorie (CET) (zie Wijnroks, 2017)...........................................................................35
Emotionele ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................................36
HC7: Gezin: Meso-macro: socialisatie, opvoedstijlen....................................................................................36
Het gezin als ’agent of socialization’..................................................................................................................36
Wat is socialisatie?.............................................................................................................................................36
Andere begrippen...............................................................................................................................................36
Wat is opvoeding?..............................................................................................................................................37
Benaderingen van opvoeding.............................................................................................................................37
Benaderingen van opvoeding.............................................................................................................................37
Autoritaire opvoedstijl........................................................................................................................................37
Autoritatieve (democratische) opvoedstijl.........................................................................................................38
Permissieve (toegeeflijke) opvoedstijl................................................................................................................38
Niet-betrokken (verwaarlozende) opvoedstijl....................................................................................................38
Benaderingen van opvoeding.............................................................................................................................38
Invloed macrosysteem op opvoeding.................................................................................................................38
Kritiek op opvoedstijlen......................................................................................................................................38
Het meten van opvoedgedrag............................................................................................................................39
Opvoeding door vaders en moeders..................................................................................................................39
Is een vrouw geschikter om (jonge) kinderen op te voeden dan een man?.......................................................39
Rolverdeling gezin..............................................................................................................................................39
Voorbeeld opvoedvragenlijst.............................................................................................................................40
Opvoeding door vaders en moeders..................................................................................................................40
Opvoeding door vaders en moeders..................................................................................................................40
Opvoeding door vaders en moeders..................................................................................................................40
HC8: Interventies in het gezinssysteem........................................................................................................ 41
Wat is een interventie?......................................................................................................................................41
Pedagogische interventies (bron: www.nji.nl)...................................................................................................41
Positieve of beschermende factoren..................................................................................................................41
Typen pedagogische interventies in het gezinssysteem....................................................................................42
Opvoedingsondersteuning.................................................................................................................................43
Eisen aan een effectieve interventie...................................................................................................................43
Theorieën en modellen.......................................................................................................................................43
Attachmenttheorie.............................................................................................................................................44
VIPP-SD...............................................................................................................................................................44
Coercion Theory van Patterson..........................................................................................................................44
3
Inhoudsopgave
HC1 Introductiecollege................................................................................................................................... 8
Waar gaat opvoeding over?.................................................................................................................................8
Wat is pedagogiek?..............................................................................................................................................8
Empirisch-analytische pedagogiek.......................................................................................................................8
Was de pedagogiek altijd al empirisch analytisch?.............................................................................................9
Langeveld en de normatieve pedagogiek............................................................................................................9
Langeveld en de normatieve pedagogiek..........................................................................................................10
“Verbeter de wereld begin bij de opvoeding” Naar een cultuur van inclusief burgerschap..............................10
Uitgangspunten..................................................................................................................................................11
HC2: Het bio-socio-ecologische model: introductie – nature vs. Nurture.......................................................11
‘Het misverstand opvoeding’.............................................................................................................................11
Gedragsgenetisch onderzoek met tweelingen en adoptiekinderen...................................................................11
Spoetnik effect....................................................................................................................................................11
Head Start..........................................................................................................................................................11
Arthur Jensen......................................................................................................................................................12
Genetica & intelligentie: een geladen debat......................................................................................................12
Debat in Vlaanderen..........................................................................................................................................12
Bezwaren tegen het gedragsgenetische model.................................................................................................12
Effecten van adoptie naar sociaaleconomische status (SES) van het adoptiegezin (Duyme et al., 1999).........12
Het ‘Flynn-effect’ (o.a. Flynn, 1987)...................................................................................................................13
Verklaringen?.....................................................................................................................................................13
Nature-nurture paradox.....................................................................................................................................13
Gilbert Gottlieb...................................................................................................................................................13
Antisociale gedragsstoornis...............................................................................................................................13
Antisociaal gedrag: G x E (Caspi et al., 2002)....................................................................................................13
Tweelingstudie dyslexie: G x E............................................................................................................................14
Ontwikkeling onder invloed van SES..................................................................................................................14
‘Ontwikkeling’ – verwarrend begrip...................................................................................................................14
Effect vs affect....................................................................................................................................................14
HC3 Pedagogische systemen: Het bio-socio-ecologische model: G x E volgens Bronfenbrenner.....................14
Individuele ontwikkeling en leren: Proces = Persoon × Context × Tijd...............................................................15
Proximale processen (epigenese).......................................................................................................................15
Proces.................................................................................................................................................................15
, Persoon...............................................................................................................................................................15
Context...............................................................................................................................................................15
De ecologische systemen van het ontwikkelende kind......................................................................................16
Tijd......................................................................................................................................................................16
Persoonlijkheidskenmerk zelfcontrole – dynamisch proces in micro-tijd...........................................................16
Schoolovergang in meso-tijd..............................................................................................................................16
Beleidsontwikkelingen in macrotijd...................................................................................................................17
Tijd heelt.….........................................................................................................................................................17
Lastig temperament: wie van de twee?.............................................................................................................17
Veronderstellingen.............................................................................................................................................17
Optimaliseren van de ontwikkeling van kinderen..............................................................................................18
Dysfunctie vs. Competentie................................................................................................................................18
Veerkracht (‘resilience’) in risicosituaties...........................................................................................................18
Competentie en talentontwikkeling...................................................................................................................19
Pedagogiek: waarden-betrokken handelingswetenschap.................................................................................19
HC4 Het biologische systeem, genen en epigenetica.....................................................................................19
Bio-ecologische theorie......................................................................................................................................19
Omgeving en biologie........................................................................................................................................19
Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Trough Age 8...........................................................................19
Nieuwste inzichten (H3, Transforming the workforce)......................................................................................20
Waarom lijken kinderen op hun ouders?...........................................................................................................20
Correlaties en interacties...................................................................................................................................21
Gen-omgeving correlaties..................................................................................................................................21
Erfelijkheid en omgeving....................................................................................................................................22
DNA....................................................................................................................................................................22
DNA molecuul.....................................................................................................................................................22
DNA en genen.....................................................................................................................................................23
Wat doen genen?...............................................................................................................................................23
Hongerwinter.....................................................................................................................................................23
Epigenetica.........................................................................................................................................................23
Conclusies...........................................................................................................................................................24
Temperament.....................................................................................................................................................24
Implicaties reactiviteit........................................................................................................................................25
HC5: Hersenontwikkeling en het stresssysteem............................................................................................25
De hersenen en hun cellen.................................................................................................................................25
Zenuwcel of neuron............................................................................................................................................25
Anatomie van de hersenen................................................................................................................................25
Hersenontwikkeling............................................................................................................................................25
1
, Stadia hersenontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................26
Overproductie en pruning..................................................................................................................................26
Aantal synaptische verbindingen neemt na de geboorte explosief toe.............................................................26
Myelinisatie of ontwikkeling witte stof..............................................................................................................26
‘Rise-and-Fall’.....................................................................................................................................................27
Hersenontwikkeling............................................................................................................................................27
Neuroplasticiteit.................................................................................................................................................27
Samenvatting hersenontwikkeling.....................................................................................................................27
Twee biologische stresssystemen.......................................................................................................................28
HPA-system of stresssysteem.............................................................................................................................28
HPA-systeem en Cortisol....................................................................................................................................28
Achtergronden en functie van cortisol...............................................................................................................28
Ontwikkeling HPA-as..........................................................................................................................................29
Effecten van stress..............................................................................................................................................29
Hersenontwikkeling en omgeving......................................................................................................................30
HC6: Gezin: Micro: het ouderbrein, ouder-kind interacties, gehechtheid.......................................................30
Hormonale veranderingen.................................................................................................................................30
Biologische processen bij ouders........................................................................................................................30
Baby’s worden geboren om sociale wezens te worden.....................................................................................31
Kenmerken van de baby.....................................................................................................................................31
Huilen (crying, fussing, colic) bij baby’s.............................................................................................................31
Wat moet een mens leren?................................................................................................................................31
............................................................................................................................................................................31
Baby’s worden geboren om sociale wezens te worden.....................................................................................32
Microprocessen..................................................................................................................................................32
Veranderingen rond 3 maanden........................................................................................................................32
Veranderingen vanaf 9 maanden......................................................................................................................33
De ontwikkeling van sociaal-cognitieve processen............................................................................................33
Ontwikkeling gezichtsherkenning.....................................................................................................................33
Volgen van de kijkrichting..................................................................................................................................33
Joint attention....................................................................................................................................................33
Aandacht voor andermans emoties...................................................................................................................33
Imitatie...............................................................................................................................................................34
Imiteren en het Mirror neuron system of spiegelneuronen system...................................................................34
Theory of Mind...................................................................................................................................................34
Gehechtheid (attachment).................................................................................................................................34
Kenmerken van gehechtheid..............................................................................................................................34
Gehechtheid is een buffer tegen stress..............................................................................................................35
2
, Determinanten van de kwaliteit van de gehechtheid........................................................................................35
Hebben baby’s emoties?....................................................................................................................................35
De basisemotietheorie (BET)..............................................................................................................................35
Constructivistische emotie theorie (CET) (zie Wijnroks, 2017)...........................................................................35
Emotionele ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................................36
HC7: Gezin: Meso-macro: socialisatie, opvoedstijlen....................................................................................36
Het gezin als ’agent of socialization’..................................................................................................................36
Wat is socialisatie?.............................................................................................................................................36
Andere begrippen...............................................................................................................................................36
Wat is opvoeding?..............................................................................................................................................37
Benaderingen van opvoeding.............................................................................................................................37
Benaderingen van opvoeding.............................................................................................................................37
Autoritaire opvoedstijl........................................................................................................................................37
Autoritatieve (democratische) opvoedstijl.........................................................................................................38
Permissieve (toegeeflijke) opvoedstijl................................................................................................................38
Niet-betrokken (verwaarlozende) opvoedstijl....................................................................................................38
Benaderingen van opvoeding.............................................................................................................................38
Invloed macrosysteem op opvoeding.................................................................................................................38
Kritiek op opvoedstijlen......................................................................................................................................38
Het meten van opvoedgedrag............................................................................................................................39
Opvoeding door vaders en moeders..................................................................................................................39
Is een vrouw geschikter om (jonge) kinderen op te voeden dan een man?.......................................................39
Rolverdeling gezin..............................................................................................................................................39
Voorbeeld opvoedvragenlijst.............................................................................................................................40
Opvoeding door vaders en moeders..................................................................................................................40
Opvoeding door vaders en moeders..................................................................................................................40
Opvoeding door vaders en moeders..................................................................................................................40
HC8: Interventies in het gezinssysteem........................................................................................................ 41
Wat is een interventie?......................................................................................................................................41
Pedagogische interventies (bron: www.nji.nl)...................................................................................................41
Positieve of beschermende factoren..................................................................................................................41
Typen pedagogische interventies in het gezinssysteem....................................................................................42
Opvoedingsondersteuning.................................................................................................................................43
Eisen aan een effectieve interventie...................................................................................................................43
Theorieën en modellen.......................................................................................................................................43
Attachmenttheorie.............................................................................................................................................44
VIPP-SD...............................................................................................................................................................44
Coercion Theory van Patterson..........................................................................................................................44
3
