BIOL 235 MIDTERM 1 SUMMARY NOTES , (Athabasca University) 2020/21 ACADEMIC YEAR

CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to 1. define the terms anatomy and physiology. 2. define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organism. 3. identify the 11 systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and describe the major functions of each system. 4. identify the basic life processes of the human body. 5. define the term homeostasis, and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis. 6. describe the components of a feedback system. 7. compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems. 8. explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease. 9. describe the anatomical position, and compare common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions of the human body. e the terms describing directions and anatomical planes used in association with the human body. , by name and location, the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them. Keywords and Topics Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts. 1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology. A. Anatomy – the science of the body structures and the relationships among them (ana = up, tomy = cutting) B. Dissection –the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships (dis=apart, section=act of cutting) C. Physiology – the science of body functions – how the body works (physio = nature, logy = study of) 2. Define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism. A. chemical level I. atom – smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions II. molecule – two or more atoms joined together B. cellular level I. cell – molecules form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals C. tissue level I. tissue – are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function D. organ level I. organ –composed of two or more tissues, they have specific functions and recognizable shapes