INTERMEDIATE MED SURG 201 Final Exam Notes - Week 9 (QUESTIONS TO DO)

INTERMEDIATE MED SURG 201 Final Exam Notes - Week 9 (QUESTIONS TO DO)INTERMEDIATE MED SURG 201 Final Exam Notes - Week 9 (QUESTIONS TO DO) 1. The two major dysfunctions in cancer development. What are they? (page 235) 1. Defective cell proliferation(growth) • Originates in the stem cells and begins when the stem cell enters the cycle. It happens twice in the body- when the cell has died (apoptosis) & needs to be replaced (puberty) or a physical need for more cells such as when there’s an infection and there’s an increase in WBC. Growth signal telling the body there is a need for the cell to divide, then it will divide, follows the stage of mitosis causes 2 cells- normal cell division. b. Defective cell differentiation • Differentiation (maturation)- orderly process that process from a state of immaturity to a state of maturity that will not change. Process of maturation is an orderly process- they went through an order of stages. Cancer does not follow process of maturation. 2. What is a stem cell? Undifferentiated cells - stem cells (baby cells) they don’t have functions but thy mature and take on independent functions and become adult cells 2. What is Contact inhibition? Contact inhibition occurs when proliferation control in normal cells. Normal cells respect the boundaries & territories of the cells surrounding them. Cancer cells are characterized by loss of contact inhibition. They will ultimately build a pyramid effect because they will grow on top of normal cells and have no regard for boundaries. Cancer cells produce more than 2 cells at a time which makes them disobedient; cancer cells loves to invade lymphatic & blood supply 2. The three stages in cancer development: P. 236 A. Initiation: everything we have done to out body causes initiation, alcohol, fast food, stress, lack of activities. There is at least one cell that has mutated. (irreversible phase) B. Promotion: things to do to slow down- exercise, diet, enough of sleep, manage stress, stop smoking and alcohol, caffeine. (reversible stage- because we have some control) -benign tumors are here. C. Progression: you are not in charge; the cancer cell has invaded (spreading to the local invasion)- invasion or metastasis happens at this point. Growing rapid 5. What is Latent Period? Latent Period- includes both the initiation and promotion stages in the natural history of cancer. makes identification of carcinogens difficult (sleeping cancer) like a toddler when you get close, they are quiet when they wake up, they flip your house. They can sleep for years anywhere from 1 year to 40 years. 6. What are the main 5 sites for cancer metastasis in general? Blood, brain, lung, liver, & adrenal glands- because they are rich in oxygen & blood supply. 7. What is TNM staging? A. Primary Tumor (T) • To: No evidence of Tumor • Tumor in situ • T1-4: Degrees of increase in tumor site & involvement • Tx: Tumor cannot be measured B. Regional Lymph nodes (N) • No: no evidence • N1-4: degrees of nodal involvement • Nx: unable to assess C. Distant Metastasis (M) • Mo: No evidence