Exam (elaborations) TEST BANK FOR The AVR Microcontroller And Embedded Systems Using Assembly And C By Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Sarmad Naimi, Sepehr Naimi (Solution Manual)

CHAPTER 0: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING..................................................................... 5 SECTION 0.1: NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS................................................... 5 SECTION 0.2: DIGITAL PRIMER ........................................................................................ 6 SECTION 0.3: SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY .................................................................. 8 SECTION 0.4: CPU AND HARVARD ARCHITECTURE................................................ 10 CHAPTER 1: THE AVR MICROCONTROLLERS: HISTORY AND FEATURES.................. 11 SECTION 1.1: MICROCONTROLLERS AND EMBEDDED PROCESSORS............... 11 SECTION 1.2: OVERVIEW OF THE AVR FAMILY ....................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: AVR ARCHITECTURE & ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING....... 13 SECTION 2.1: THE GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS IN THE AVR........................ 13 SECTION 2.2: THE AVR DATA MEMORY ...................................................................... 13 SECTION 2.3: USING INSTRUCTIONS WITH THE DATA MEMORY....................... 14 SECTION 2.4: AVR STATUS REGISTER.......................................................................... 15 SECTION 2.5: AVR DATA FORMAT AND DIRECTIVES.............................................. 16 SECTION 2.6: INSTRUCTION TO AVR ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING AND .......... 17 SECTION 2.7: ASSEMBLING AN AVR PROGRAM........................................................ 17 SECTION 2.8: THE PROGRAM AND PROGRAM ROM SPACE IN THE AVR ......... 18 SECTION 2.9: RISC ARCHITECTURE IN THE AVR..................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3: BRANCH, CALL AND TIME DELAY LOOP .................................................... 21 SECTION 3.1: BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS AND LOOPING........................................... 21 SECTION 3.2: CALL INSTRUCTIONS AND STACK...................................................... 21 SECTION 3.3: AVR TIME DELAY AND INSTRUCTION PIPELINE........................... 22 CHAPTER 4: AVR I/O PORT PROGRAMMING ...................................................................... 24 SECTION 4.1: I/O PORT PROGRAMMING IN AVR ...................................................... 24 SECTION 4.2: I/O BIT MANIPULATION PROGRAMMING......................................... 25 CHAPTER 5: ARITHMETIC, LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS, AND PROGRAMS.......................... 29 SECTION 5.1: ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS............................................................... 29 SECTION 5.2: SIGNED NUMBER CONCEPTS AND ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS 31 SECTION 5.3: LOGIC AND COMPARE INSTRUCTIONS............................................. 31 SECTION 5.4: ROTATE AND SHIFT INSTRUCTIONS AND DATA SERIALIZATION ................................................................................................................................................... 32 SECTION 5.5: BCD AND ASCII CONVERSION............................................................... 33 CHAPTER 6: AVR ADVANCED ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING................... 35 SECTION 6.1: INTRODUCING SOME MORE ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES.............. 35 SECTION 6.2: REGISTER AND DIRECT ADDRESSING MODES ............................... 35 SECTION 6.3: REGISTER INDIRECT ADDRESSING MODE....................................... 36 SECTION 6.4: LOOK-UP TABLE AND TABLE PROCESSING..................................... 37 SECTION 6.5: BIT-ADDRESSABILITY............................................................................. 40 SECTION 6.6: ACCESSING EEPROM IN AVR................................................................ 42 SECTION 6.7: CKECKSUM AND ASCII SUBROUTINES.............................................. 45 SECTION 6.8: MACROS....................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 7: AVR PROGRAMMING IN C............................................................................... 49 SECTION 7.1: DATA TYPES AND TIME DELAYS IN C................................................ 49 SECTION 7.2: I/O PROGRAMMING IN C ........................................................................ 49 SECTION 7.3: LOGIC OPERATIONS IN C....................................................................... 51 SECTION 7.4: DATA CONVERSION PROGRAMS IN C................................................ 52 SECTION 7.6: MEMORY ALLOCATION IN C ................................................................ 53 CHAPTER 8: AVR HARDWARE CONNECTION .................................................................... 55 Instructor’s Manual for “The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 4 SECTION 8.1: ATMEGA32 PIN CONNECTION .............................................................. 55 SECTION 8.2: AVR FUSE BITS........................................................................................... 55 SECTION 8.3: EXPLAINING THE INTEL HEX FILE FOR AVR ................................. 55 SECTION 8.4: AVR PROGRAMMIN AND TRAINER BOARD ..................................... 56 CHAPTER 9: AVR TIMER PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AND C.................................. 57 SECTION 9.1: PROGRAMMING TIMERS 0, 1, AND 2................................................... 57 SECTION 9.2: COUNTER PROGRAMMING ................................................................... 59 SECTION 9.3: PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C .............................................................. 60 Chapter 10: INTERRUPT PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AND C ..................................... 65 SECTION 10.1: AVR INTERRUPTS ................................................................................... 65 SECTION 10.2: PROGRAMMING TIMER INTERRUPTS ............................................. 65 SECTION 10.3: PROGRAMMING EXTERNAL HARDWARE INTERRUPTS ........... 68 SECTION 10.4: INTERRUPT PRIORITY IN THE AVR.................................................. 70 CHAPTER 11: AVR SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AND C................... 71 SECTION 11.1: BASICS OF SERIAL COMMUNICATION............................................ 71 SECTION 11.2: ATMEGA32 CONNECTION TO RS232 ................................................. 71 SECTION 11.3: AVR SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY..................... 72 SECTION 11.4: AVR SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING IN C........................................ 74 CHAPTER 12: LCD AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING ......................................................... 76 SECTION 12.1: LCD INTERFACING................................................................................. 76 SECTION 12.2: KEYBOARD INTERFACING .................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 13: ADC, DAC, AND SENSOR INTERFACING .................................................... 77 SECTION 13.1: ADC CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................................... 77 SECTION 13.2: ADC PROGRAMMING IN THE ATMEGA32....................................... 77 SECTION 13.3: SENSOR INTERFACING AND SIGNAL CONDITIONING ............... 78 SECTION 13.4: DAC INTERFACING................................................................................. 78 Chapter 14: RELAY, OPTOISOLATOR, AND STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH AVR .............................................................................................................................................. 80 SECTION 14.1: RELAYS AND OPTOISOLATORS ......................................................... 80 SECTION 14.2: STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING....................................................... 80 Chapter 15: INPUT CAPTURE AND WAVE GENERATION IN AVR .................................... 81 SECTION 15.1: WAVE GENERATION USING 8-BIT TIMERS..................................... 81 SECTION 15.2: WAVE GENERATION USING TIMER1................................................ 82 SECTION 15.3: INPUT CAPTURE PROGRAMMING..................................................... 84 SECTION 15.4: C PROGRAMMING .................................................................................. 84 Chapter 16: PWM AND DC MOTOR CONTROL ...................................................................... 87 SECTION 16.1: DC MOTOR INTERFACING AND PWM .............................................. 87 SECTION 16.2: PWM MODES IN 8-BIT TIMERS............................................................ 87 SECTION 16.3: PWM MODES IN TIMER1....................................................................... 89 Chapter 17: SPI PROTOCOL AND MAX7221 DESPLAY INTERFACING............................. 92 SECTION 17.1: SPI BUS PROTOCOL................................................................................ 92 SECTION 17.2: SPI PROGRAMMING IN AVR................................................................ 92 SECTION 17.3: MAX7221 INTERFACING AND PROGRAMMING............................. 92 Chapter 18: I2C PROTOCOL AND DS1307 RTC INTERFACING ........................................... 93 SECTION 18.1: I2C BUS PROTOCOL................................................................................ 93 SECTION 18.2: TWI PROGRAMMING IN AVR.............................................................. 93 SECTION 18.3: AVR TWI PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AN C............................. 93 SECTION 18.4: DS1307 RTC INTERFACING AND PROGRAMMING........................ 95 Instructor’s Manual for “The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 5 CHAPTER 0: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING SECTION 0.1: NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS 1. (a) 1210 = 11002 (b) 12310 = (c) 6310 = (d) 12810 = (e) = 2. (a) = 3610 (b) = 6510 (c) = 2910 (d) 10102 = 1010 (e) = 3410 3. (a) = 2416 (b) = 4116 (c) = 1D16 (d) 10102 = 0A16 (e) = 2216 4. (a) 2B916 = , 69710 (b) F4416 = , (c) 91216 = 1001 0001 00102, (d) 2B16 = , 4310 (e) FFFF16 = , 5. (a) 1210 = 0C16 (b) 12310 = 7B16 (c) 6310 = 3F16 (d) 12810 = 8016 (e) = 3E816 6. (a)