DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD
DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Inhoudsopgave
1. Introduction............................................................................................... 6
Defining disorders of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.............................................6
What is normal?.............................................................................................................. 6
The role of values........................................................................................................... 6
Definitions of psychopathology and developmental psychopathology............................6
The globalization of children’s mental health.................................................................7
The stigma of mental illness........................................................................................... 7
2. Models of child development, psychopathology, and treatment....................8
The role of theory in developmental psychopathology...................................................8
Physiological models....................................................................................................... 8
Psychodynamic models................................................................................................... 8
Behavioral and cognitive models....................................................................................8
Humanistic models......................................................................................................... 9
Family models................................................................................................................. 9
Sociocultural models....................................................................................................... 9
3. Principles and practices of developmental psychopathology.......................10
The framework of developmental psychopathology......................................................10
Developmental pathways, stability and change............................................................10
Competence and incompetence...................................................................................10
Risk and resilience........................................................................................................ 11
Research strategies in developmental psychopathology...........................................11
4. Classification, assessment and diagnosis, and intervention........................13
Classification................................................................................................................. 13
, Assessment and diagnosis............................................................................................13
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 14
5. Disorders of early childhood......................................................................15
Developmental tasks and challenges related to physiological functioning, temperament
and attachment............................................................................................................ 15
Patterns of attachment.............................................................................................. 15
Disorders of early development....................................................................................15
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder....................................................................15
Sleep-wake disorders.................................................................................................... 16
Disorders of attachment...............................................................................................17
6. Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Learning Disorder........................19
Develomental Tasks and Challenges Related to Intelligence and Cognition.................19
Intellectual Developmental Disorder.............................................................................19
Etiology..................................................................................................................... 21
Developmental Course.............................................................................................. 21
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................21
Intervention............................................................................................................... 22
Learning disorders........................................................................................................ 23
Developmental Course.............................................................................................. 23
Etiology..................................................................................................................... 23
Assessment, DIAGNOSIS, and Intervention................................................................24
7. Autism Spectrum Disorder........................................................................25
Historical and current conceptualizations of autism spectrum disorder........................25
Developmental tasks and challenges related to the coordination of social, emotional,
and cognitive domains.................................................................................................. 25
Autism spectrum disorder.............................................................................................25
Developmental course............................................................................................... 25
Etiology..................................................................................................................... 26
Assessment and diagnosis........................................................................................27
Intervention............................................................................................................... 27
8. Maltreatment and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders........................29
Developmental Tasks and Challenges Related to Stress and Coping............................29
Maltreatment................................................................................................................ 30
2
, Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders......................................................................30
Developmental Course.............................................................................................. 30
Etiology..................................................................................................................... 31
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................32
Intervention............................................................................................................... 33
9. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder....................................................35
Developmental tasks and challenges............................................................................35
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.........................................................................35
Developmental course..................................................................................................36
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 36
Assessment and diagnosis............................................................................................37
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 37
10. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder................................38
Developmental tasks and challenges related to prosocial behavior..............................38
A developmental perspective on bullying..................................................................38
Oppositional Defiant Disorder.......................................................................................38
Conduct disorder.......................................................................................................... 39
Agression.................................................................................................................. 39
Developmental course..................................................................................................41
ODD........................................................................................................................... 41
Conduct Disorder....................................................................................................... 41
Developmental Cascade Models................................................................................42
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 42
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................... 43
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 44
11. Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Somatic Symptom
Disorders..................................................................................................... 45
Developmental Tasks and Challenges Related to Fears, Worries, and Emotion
Regulation.................................................................................................................... 45
Anxiety Disorders.......................................................................................................... 45
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder....................................................................................46
Somatic Symptom Disorders......................................................................................... 46
Developmental Course.................................................................................................. 46
3
, Etiology......................................................................................................................... 47
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................... 48
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 48
12. Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorders, and Suicidality..........................50
Developmental tasks and Challenges Related to the Construction of Self and Identity 50
Depressive Disorders.................................................................................................... 50
Bipolar Disorder............................................................................................................ 50
Developmental Course.................................................................................................. 50
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 51
Depressive disorder................................................................................................... 51
Bipolar Disorders....................................................................................................... 52
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................... 52
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 53
Suicidality..................................................................................................................... 53
13. Eating disorders.....................................................................................55
Developmental tasks and challenges related to eating and appearance......................55
Eating disorders............................................................................................................ 55
Developmental Course.................................................................................................. 55
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 56
Assessment and diagnosis............................................................................................57
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 57
14. Substance-Related disorders and transition to adult disorders.................59
Developmental tasks and challenges related to brain development and self-regulation
..................................................................................................................................... 59
Substance-related disorders......................................................................................... 59
Developmental course..................................................................................................59
The gateway hypothesis, common liability to addiction model, and developmental
cascade models......................................................................................................... 60
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 60
Assessment and diagnosis............................................................................................61
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 61
Prevention................................................................................................................. 61
Treatment................................................................................................................. 61
4
, Psychotic disorders in adolescence and young adulthood............................................62
Personality disorders in adolescence and childhood.....................................................62
5
, 1. INTRODUCTION
DEFINING DISORDERS OF INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND
ADOLESCENCE
De meeste hedendaagse theoretici, onderzoekers en clinici benadrukken dat een
bruikbaar model van typische ontwikkeling een dynamische waardering vereist
van de sterke en zwakke punten van kinderen wanneer ze opvallende, leeftijd
gerelateerde uitdagingen ervaren.
WHAT IS NORMAL?
Veel voorkomende beschrijvingen van normaliteit en psychopathologie zijn vaak
gericht op
1. Statistische afwijking (statistical deviance), de zeldzaamheid van
bepaalde emoties, cognities en/of gedragingen;
2. Sociaal-culturele normen (sociocultural norms), de overtuigingen en
verwachtingen van bepaalde groepen over welke soorten emoties,
gevoelens en/of gedragingen ongewenst of onaanvaardbaar zijn;
3. Perspectieven op geestelijke gezondheid (mental health
perspectives), theoretisch of klinisch gebaseerde noties van angst en
disfunctie.
THE ROLE OF VALUES
Slechte aanpassing (poor adaptation)
Adequate aanpassing (adequate adaptation): Oké, acceptabel of goed
genoeg
Optimale aanpassing (optimal adaptation): Uitstekend, superieur of "het
beste van wat mogelijk is"
DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Psychopathologie: Intense, frequente en/of aanhoudende onaangepaste
patronen van emotie, cognitie en gedrag.
o Ontwikkelingspsychopathologie breidt deze beschrijving uit om
te benadrukken dat deze onaangepaste patronen zich voordoen in
de context van typische ontwikkeling en resulteren in de huidige en
mogelijke stoornissen van zuigelingen, kinderen en adolescenten.
Ontwikkelingsepidemiologie: Frequenties en patronen van distributie
van aandoeningen bij zuigelingen, kinderen en adolescenten.
Prevalentie (prevalence): Alle huidige gevallen van een reeks
aandoeningen
Incidentie (incidence): Nieuwe gevallen in een bepaalde periode.
o Hoewel specifieke onderzoeksresultaten variëren, suggereren veel
schattingen dat aanzienlijke aantallen kinderen en adolescenten
6
DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Inhoudsopgave
1. Introduction............................................................................................... 6
Defining disorders of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.............................................6
What is normal?.............................................................................................................. 6
The role of values........................................................................................................... 6
Definitions of psychopathology and developmental psychopathology............................6
The globalization of children’s mental health.................................................................7
The stigma of mental illness........................................................................................... 7
2. Models of child development, psychopathology, and treatment....................8
The role of theory in developmental psychopathology...................................................8
Physiological models....................................................................................................... 8
Psychodynamic models................................................................................................... 8
Behavioral and cognitive models....................................................................................8
Humanistic models......................................................................................................... 9
Family models................................................................................................................. 9
Sociocultural models....................................................................................................... 9
3. Principles and practices of developmental psychopathology.......................10
The framework of developmental psychopathology......................................................10
Developmental pathways, stability and change............................................................10
Competence and incompetence...................................................................................10
Risk and resilience........................................................................................................ 11
Research strategies in developmental psychopathology...........................................11
4. Classification, assessment and diagnosis, and intervention........................13
Classification................................................................................................................. 13
, Assessment and diagnosis............................................................................................13
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 14
5. Disorders of early childhood......................................................................15
Developmental tasks and challenges related to physiological functioning, temperament
and attachment............................................................................................................ 15
Patterns of attachment.............................................................................................. 15
Disorders of early development....................................................................................15
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder....................................................................15
Sleep-wake disorders.................................................................................................... 16
Disorders of attachment...............................................................................................17
6. Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Learning Disorder........................19
Develomental Tasks and Challenges Related to Intelligence and Cognition.................19
Intellectual Developmental Disorder.............................................................................19
Etiology..................................................................................................................... 21
Developmental Course.............................................................................................. 21
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................21
Intervention............................................................................................................... 22
Learning disorders........................................................................................................ 23
Developmental Course.............................................................................................. 23
Etiology..................................................................................................................... 23
Assessment, DIAGNOSIS, and Intervention................................................................24
7. Autism Spectrum Disorder........................................................................25
Historical and current conceptualizations of autism spectrum disorder........................25
Developmental tasks and challenges related to the coordination of social, emotional,
and cognitive domains.................................................................................................. 25
Autism spectrum disorder.............................................................................................25
Developmental course............................................................................................... 25
Etiology..................................................................................................................... 26
Assessment and diagnosis........................................................................................27
Intervention............................................................................................................... 27
8. Maltreatment and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders........................29
Developmental Tasks and Challenges Related to Stress and Coping............................29
Maltreatment................................................................................................................ 30
2
, Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders......................................................................30
Developmental Course.............................................................................................. 30
Etiology..................................................................................................................... 31
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................32
Intervention............................................................................................................... 33
9. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder....................................................35
Developmental tasks and challenges............................................................................35
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.........................................................................35
Developmental course..................................................................................................36
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 36
Assessment and diagnosis............................................................................................37
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 37
10. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder................................38
Developmental tasks and challenges related to prosocial behavior..............................38
A developmental perspective on bullying..................................................................38
Oppositional Defiant Disorder.......................................................................................38
Conduct disorder.......................................................................................................... 39
Agression.................................................................................................................. 39
Developmental course..................................................................................................41
ODD........................................................................................................................... 41
Conduct Disorder....................................................................................................... 41
Developmental Cascade Models................................................................................42
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 42
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................... 43
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 44
11. Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Somatic Symptom
Disorders..................................................................................................... 45
Developmental Tasks and Challenges Related to Fears, Worries, and Emotion
Regulation.................................................................................................................... 45
Anxiety Disorders.......................................................................................................... 45
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder....................................................................................46
Somatic Symptom Disorders......................................................................................... 46
Developmental Course.................................................................................................. 46
3
, Etiology......................................................................................................................... 47
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................... 48
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 48
12. Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorders, and Suicidality..........................50
Developmental tasks and Challenges Related to the Construction of Self and Identity 50
Depressive Disorders.................................................................................................... 50
Bipolar Disorder............................................................................................................ 50
Developmental Course.................................................................................................. 50
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 51
Depressive disorder................................................................................................... 51
Bipolar Disorders....................................................................................................... 52
Assessment and Diagnosis........................................................................................... 52
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 53
Suicidality..................................................................................................................... 53
13. Eating disorders.....................................................................................55
Developmental tasks and challenges related to eating and appearance......................55
Eating disorders............................................................................................................ 55
Developmental Course.................................................................................................. 55
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 56
Assessment and diagnosis............................................................................................57
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 57
14. Substance-Related disorders and transition to adult disorders.................59
Developmental tasks and challenges related to brain development and self-regulation
..................................................................................................................................... 59
Substance-related disorders......................................................................................... 59
Developmental course..................................................................................................59
The gateway hypothesis, common liability to addiction model, and developmental
cascade models......................................................................................................... 60
Etiology......................................................................................................................... 60
Assessment and diagnosis............................................................................................61
Intervention.................................................................................................................. 61
Prevention................................................................................................................. 61
Treatment................................................................................................................. 61
4
, Psychotic disorders in adolescence and young adulthood............................................62
Personality disorders in adolescence and childhood.....................................................62
5
, 1. INTRODUCTION
DEFINING DISORDERS OF INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND
ADOLESCENCE
De meeste hedendaagse theoretici, onderzoekers en clinici benadrukken dat een
bruikbaar model van typische ontwikkeling een dynamische waardering vereist
van de sterke en zwakke punten van kinderen wanneer ze opvallende, leeftijd
gerelateerde uitdagingen ervaren.
WHAT IS NORMAL?
Veel voorkomende beschrijvingen van normaliteit en psychopathologie zijn vaak
gericht op
1. Statistische afwijking (statistical deviance), de zeldzaamheid van
bepaalde emoties, cognities en/of gedragingen;
2. Sociaal-culturele normen (sociocultural norms), de overtuigingen en
verwachtingen van bepaalde groepen over welke soorten emoties,
gevoelens en/of gedragingen ongewenst of onaanvaardbaar zijn;
3. Perspectieven op geestelijke gezondheid (mental health
perspectives), theoretisch of klinisch gebaseerde noties van angst en
disfunctie.
THE ROLE OF VALUES
Slechte aanpassing (poor adaptation)
Adequate aanpassing (adequate adaptation): Oké, acceptabel of goed
genoeg
Optimale aanpassing (optimal adaptation): Uitstekend, superieur of "het
beste van wat mogelijk is"
DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Psychopathologie: Intense, frequente en/of aanhoudende onaangepaste
patronen van emotie, cognitie en gedrag.
o Ontwikkelingspsychopathologie breidt deze beschrijving uit om
te benadrukken dat deze onaangepaste patronen zich voordoen in
de context van typische ontwikkeling en resulteren in de huidige en
mogelijke stoornissen van zuigelingen, kinderen en adolescenten.
Ontwikkelingsepidemiologie: Frequenties en patronen van distributie
van aandoeningen bij zuigelingen, kinderen en adolescenten.
Prevalentie (prevalence): Alle huidige gevallen van een reeks
aandoeningen
Incidentie (incidence): Nieuwe gevallen in een bepaalde periode.
o Hoewel specifieke onderzoeksresultaten variëren, suggereren veel
schattingen dat aanzienlijke aantallen kinderen en adolescenten
6
