Chapter 1
Adage: contains wisdom that has been passed through generations
through anecdotal experience.
Theory: formalized knowledge that has created by the use of science
and philosophy
Concepts: building blocks of theory. They are formed through
abstraction.
Abstraction: It takes features of the category that members share
and put them into shared representation. (do not include detailed
information)
Heuristics: strategies that guide people’s choices. (advantage:
invaluable guidance, disadvantage: increases the danger of bias)
Knowledge structures grow as higher-order concepts are developed.
Higher-order concepts: developed by additional repetitions of
abstraction processes. (each repetition raises the concept to a
higher level - decreases the details)
Phenomena of interest: subject and the focus of the theory. ( what
the theorist aiming to explain)
Theorizing is the process of proposing ideas regarding how concepts
are related to the phenomena.
Different perspectives
A theoretical perspective is created when a group of theorists
working within a field study to define concepts in a similar way.
A paradigm is rooted in the minds and actions of people to the
extent that they do not consider alternatives.
Modern perspective: proposes theories that explore causal
explanations. The modernists are interested in the consequences of
the phenomena of interest. They use quantitative methods to analyze
organizational performance.
- Disadvantages of quantitative method:
- social nature of organization may not suit with the
mathematical analysis
- high measurement error
- data used is not often exact
- researchers may confuse correlation with causality (to
overcome this issue, they developed mathematical methods for
confirming causal inferences
Symbolic perspective: regards interpretation as facts. (you have to
put yourself into a shared experience to gain an understanding).
They use qualitative methods, use of documentary and description.
, The method of ethnography, gaining direct access to members’ way of
experiencing their organization. This is achieved by observing and
interviewing.
- The disadvantage of qualitative research
- a researcher may be influenced by his own culture (bias +
misunderstanding)
- qualitative methods (overgeneralization)
- difficult to acquire large samples of data (methods are time-
intensive)
The use of triangulation is the use of multiple sources to support
findings.
Postmodern perspective: aims to appreciate the phenomena of
interest. (employees are trapped in a system that misleads them)
The most popular method is reframing and replacing modernist
theories with instead an aesthetic appreciation. They are promoting
reflexivity by encouraging awareness.
They want to expose the abuse of power to inspire emancipation
(özgürleşme) from dominating modern practices.
Focal phenomena are modernist management and theorizing practices.
Ontology attends to the assumptions about existence and definitions
of reality.
Epistemology examines what constitutes knowledge, how knowledge is
found.
Modernists embrace an objective ontology (reality is independent of
our perception)
Positive epistemology sees knowledge as generated by the scientific
method, developing and testing a hypothesis. The scientific method
requires theories that are testable.
Modernists are saying that knowledge about reality must be verified
through independent observation.
Independent observation is when different people, with same
relationship to the phenomena, make similar observations.
Reliability ensures that the results of empirical studies do not
vary across repetition.
Validity ensures you study what you have intended to study.
A generalizable theory is more valid and reliable.
The symbolic perspective uses subjective ontology and interpretivist
epistemology.(influence the context)- it uses qualitative methods
within the arts and humanities
Postmodernists believe that discourse is self-referential, it
expresses itself. They use linguistic ontology which is the belief
that knowledge and knowing arise from language.
The view of reality is called the linguistic turn. “the world is
made by language”
Reflexive epistemology assumes that knowledge and knowing are
illusory, postmodernists want to study the realities of others.
Chapter 2
Adage: contains wisdom that has been passed through generations
through anecdotal experience.
Theory: formalized knowledge that has created by the use of science
and philosophy
Concepts: building blocks of theory. They are formed through
abstraction.
Abstraction: It takes features of the category that members share
and put them into shared representation. (do not include detailed
information)
Heuristics: strategies that guide people’s choices. (advantage:
invaluable guidance, disadvantage: increases the danger of bias)
Knowledge structures grow as higher-order concepts are developed.
Higher-order concepts: developed by additional repetitions of
abstraction processes. (each repetition raises the concept to a
higher level - decreases the details)
Phenomena of interest: subject and the focus of the theory. ( what
the theorist aiming to explain)
Theorizing is the process of proposing ideas regarding how concepts
are related to the phenomena.
Different perspectives
A theoretical perspective is created when a group of theorists
working within a field study to define concepts in a similar way.
A paradigm is rooted in the minds and actions of people to the
extent that they do not consider alternatives.
Modern perspective: proposes theories that explore causal
explanations. The modernists are interested in the consequences of
the phenomena of interest. They use quantitative methods to analyze
organizational performance.
- Disadvantages of quantitative method:
- social nature of organization may not suit with the
mathematical analysis
- high measurement error
- data used is not often exact
- researchers may confuse correlation with causality (to
overcome this issue, they developed mathematical methods for
confirming causal inferences
Symbolic perspective: regards interpretation as facts. (you have to
put yourself into a shared experience to gain an understanding).
They use qualitative methods, use of documentary and description.
, The method of ethnography, gaining direct access to members’ way of
experiencing their organization. This is achieved by observing and
interviewing.
- The disadvantage of qualitative research
- a researcher may be influenced by his own culture (bias +
misunderstanding)
- qualitative methods (overgeneralization)
- difficult to acquire large samples of data (methods are time-
intensive)
The use of triangulation is the use of multiple sources to support
findings.
Postmodern perspective: aims to appreciate the phenomena of
interest. (employees are trapped in a system that misleads them)
The most popular method is reframing and replacing modernist
theories with instead an aesthetic appreciation. They are promoting
reflexivity by encouraging awareness.
They want to expose the abuse of power to inspire emancipation
(özgürleşme) from dominating modern practices.
Focal phenomena are modernist management and theorizing practices.
Ontology attends to the assumptions about existence and definitions
of reality.
Epistemology examines what constitutes knowledge, how knowledge is
found.
Modernists embrace an objective ontology (reality is independent of
our perception)
Positive epistemology sees knowledge as generated by the scientific
method, developing and testing a hypothesis. The scientific method
requires theories that are testable.
Modernists are saying that knowledge about reality must be verified
through independent observation.
Independent observation is when different people, with same
relationship to the phenomena, make similar observations.
Reliability ensures that the results of empirical studies do not
vary across repetition.
Validity ensures you study what you have intended to study.
A generalizable theory is more valid and reliable.
The symbolic perspective uses subjective ontology and interpretivist
epistemology.(influence the context)- it uses qualitative methods
within the arts and humanities
Postmodernists believe that discourse is self-referential, it
expresses itself. They use linguistic ontology which is the belief
that knowledge and knowing arise from language.
The view of reality is called the linguistic turn. “the world is
made by language”
Reflexive epistemology assumes that knowledge and knowing are
illusory, postmodernists want to study the realities of others.
Chapter 2
