Summary pyc 2602

CHAPTER1

STUDYI
NGACHI
LD’
SWORLD



THESTUDYOFCHI
LDDEVELOPMENT:BASI
CCONCEPTS



THESTUDYOFCHI
LDDEVELOPMENT:THENANDNOW

•Chi
l
dDev
elopment→ Sci
ent
if
icst
udyofpr
ocessesofchange&st
abi
l
ity

i
nhumanchi
l
dren.

•Quant
ati
vechange→ Changei
nnumber
/amount

→ eghei
ght
,si
zeofv
ocabul
ary
,fr
equencyofcommuni
cat
ion

→ t
endst
obecont
inuous

•Qual
i
tat
ivechange→ Changei
nki
nd,
str
uct
ure&or
gani
zat
ion

→ Di
scont
inuous

→ Mar
kedbyt
heemer
genceofnewphenomena

t
hatcannotbeeasi
l
yant
ici
pat
ed

ont
hebasi
sofear
li
erf
unct
ioni
ng.

→ egchangef
rom non-
ver
bal
tov
erbal
communi
cat
ion

•Const
ancy→ Mostpeopl
eshowunder
lyi
ngst
abi
l
ityi
ncer
tai
naspect
s




EARLYAPPROACHES

,•BabyBi
ogr
aphi
es→ For
erunner
sofsci
ent
if
icst
udy

→ Jour
nal
srecor
dingt
hedev
elopmentofasi
ngl
echi
l
d

→ Specul
ati
venat
ure

•Dar
win→ 1stemphasi
zeddev
elopment
alnat
ureofi
nfantbehav
ior

→ Gav
ebabybi
ogr
aphi
essci
ent
if
icr
espect
abi
l
ity




p7


DOMAI
NSOFDEVELOPMENT

•Phy
sical
Dev
elopment→ Gr
owt
hofbody&br
ain

→ Dev
elopmentofsensor
ycapaci
ty&mot
orski
l
ls

→ Heal
th

•Cogni
ti
veDev
elopment→ Change&st
abi
l
ityi
nment
alabi
l
iti
es

egl
ear
ning,
memor
y,l
anguage,
thi
nki
ng,

mor
alr
easoni
ng,
creat
ivi
ty.

•Psy
chosoci
alDev
elopment→ Change&st
abi
l
ityi
nper
sonal
i
ty,
emot
ions&

soci
alr
elat
ionshi
ps.

Al
lthesei
nfl
uenceeachot
her

,I
NFLUENCESONDEVELOPMENT


HEREDI
TY,
ENVI
RONMENT&MATURATI
ON

•Her
edi
ty→ I
nbor
ntr
ait
sinher
it
edf
rom bi
ologi
cal
par
ent
s

•Env
ironment→ Wor
ldout
sidesel
f,begi
nni
ngi
nthewomb

→ Thel
ear
ningt
hatcomesf
rom ex
per
ience

I
ncl
udessoci
ali
zat
ion:
Thechi
l
d’si
nduct
ioni
ntot
hev
aluesy
stem ofacul
tur
e

•Mat
urat
ion→ Unf
oldi
ngofat
ypi
cal
,uni
ver
sal
,nat
ural
sequenceof

phy
sical
changes&behav
iorpat
ter
ns.

(
incl
udi
ngar
eadi
nesst
omast
ernewabi
l
iti
es)

→ Mat
urat
ional
processesacti
nconcer
twi
thher
edi
ty&t
heenv
ironment




CONTEXTSOFDEVELOPMENT

•Humanbei
ngsar
esoci
al→ Dev
elopi
nasoci
al&hi
stor
ical
cont
ext

•I
mmedi
atecont
ext→ Fami
l
y

→ Nei
ghbor
hood

→ Communi
ty

→ Soci
ety




p13

Fami
ly

, •Nucl
earFami
l
y→ 2-
gener
ati
onal
kinshi
p,economi
c&househol
duni
t

→ 1or2par
ent
swi
tht
hei
rbi
ologi
cal
/adopt
ed/
step-
chi
l
dren

→ Domi
nantuni
tinWest
ernsoci
eti
es

•Ext
endedFami
l
ies→ Mul
ti
gener
ati
onal
kinshi
pnet
wor
k

→ Adul
tsof
tenshar
ebr
eadwi
nni
ng&chi
l
drai
sing

→ Chi
l
drenar
eresponsi
blef
ory
oungersi
bli
ngs

→ Of
tenheadedbywomen

→ espi
nAsi
a,Af
ri
ca&Lat
in-
Amer
ica




Soci
oeconomi
cSt
atus(
SES)&Nei
ghbor
hood

•SES→ I
ncome,
educat
ion&occupat
ion

→ Rel
atedt
odev
elopment
alpr
ocesses&out
comes

→ Af
fect
sdev
elopment
alout
comesi
ndi
rect
ly,
thr
oughassoci
atedf
act
ors:

○Ki
ndsofhomes&nei
ghbor
hoods

○Qual
i
tyofNut
ri
ti
on,
medi
cal
car
e,super
visi
on&school
i
ng

○Av
ail
abl
eoppor
tuni
ti
es

•Pov
ert
y→ Har
mful
tophy
sical
,cogni
ti
ve&psy
chosoci
alwel
l
-bei
ng

→ Ki
dsmor
eli
kel
ytohav
eemot
ional
&behav
ior
alpr
obl
ems

→ Cogni
ti
vepot
ent
ial
&school
per
for
mancesuf
fer
s

→ Har
m canbei
ndi
rectv
iaemot
ional
stat
eofpar
ent
s&par
ent
ingpr
act
ices

•Ri
chki
ds→ Underpr
essur
etoachi
eve&of
tenunsuper
vised