Study Guide NR325 Exam 1 {BEST EXAM PREP}

Study Guide NR325 Exam 1 Study Guide_ NR325_ Exam 1 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Is a chronic multisystem disease. It’s characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to inadequate insulin secretion and or insulin resistance. (Impaired insulin utilization.)  It’s the 7th leading cause of death  Contributing factor: CVD, hypertension, kidney disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, peripheral vascular disease, and major contributing factor are heart disease & stroke.  Prevalent in African American, American Indian, Hispanics and Asians  Leading cause of adult blindness, end stage renal disease, non-traumatic lower limb amputations. Insulin – hormone produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. It is an anabolic, storage, hormone. It’s continuously released in to the blood stream in small pulsatile increments called basal rate.  Normal range 70-120 mg/dL & 40-50 units of insulin secreted daily  Promotes glucose transport from the bloodstream across the cell membrane to the cytoplasm of the cell.  Rise in plasma insulin after a meal stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Inhibits gluconeogenesis, enhances fat deposition of adipose tissue and increases protein synthesis. Counterregulatory hormones- these are other hormones that work to oppose the effects of insulin (glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol). These hormones increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose production and output by the liver and by decreasing the movement of glucose into the cells. ***Counterregulatory hormones and Insulin maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range by regulating the release of glucose for energy during food intake and periods of fasting. Risk Factor: obesity (most powerful risk factor), hypertension, inactivity, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, genetic history, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), ethnic group, women who delivered infants weighing 9 lbs. Increased Blood Sugar= pancreas releases INSULIN = glucose enters the cells = the rest is stored in the liver as glucogen. Decreased Blood Sugar= pancreas release glucag