PHYSICS FORM FOUR
CHAPTER ONE THIN
LENSES.
A lens is conventionally defined as a piece of glass which is used to focus or change the
direction of a beam of light passing through it. They are mainly made of glass or plastic. Lens
are used in making spectacles, cameras, cinema projectors, microscopes and telescopes.
Types of thin lenses.
A lens which is thicker at its centre than at its edges converges light and is called convex or
converging lens. A lens which is thicker at its edges than at its centre diverges light and is
known as concave or diverging lens.
Properties of lenses.
1. Optical centre – this is the geometric centre of a lens which is usually shown using a black
dot in ray diagrams. A ray travelling through the optical centre passes through in a straight
line.
2. Centre of curvature – this is the geometric centre of the circle of which the lens surface is
part of. Since lenses have two surfaces there are two centres of curvature. C is used to
denote one centre while the other is denoted by C1.
, 3. Principal axis – this is an imaginary line which passes through the optical centre at right
angle to the lens.
4. Principal focus – this is a point through which all rays travelling parallel to the principal
axis pass after refraction through the lens. A lens has a principal focus on both its sides. F
is used to denote the principal focus
5. Focal length – this is the distance between the optical centre and the principal focus. It is
denoted by ‘f’.
The principal focus for a converging lens is real and virtual for a diverging lens. It is important to
note that the principal focus is not always halfway between the optical centre and the centre
of curvature as it i s in mirrors.
(b) Principal foci of a diverging lens
Images formed by thin lenses.
The nature, size and position of the image formed by a particular lens depends on the position of
the object in relation to the lens.
Construction of ray diagrams
,Three rays are of particular importance in the construction of ray diagrams.
1. A ray of light travelling parallel to the principal axis passes through the principal focus on
refraction through the lens. In case of a concave lens the ray is diverged in a way that it
appears to come from the principal focus.
2. A ray of light travelling through the optical centre goes un-deviated along the same path.
3. A ray of light travelling through the principal focus is refracted parallel to the principal axis
on passing through the lens. The construction of the rays is illustrated below.
Images formed by a converging lens.
1. Object between the lens and the principal focus.
- Image formed behind the object
- Virtual
- Erect
- Magnified
, 2. Object at infinity.
- Image formed at the principal focus of the lens
- Real
- Inverted
- Diminished
3. Object at the principal focus (at F).
- Image is at infinity.
4. Object between the principal focus (F) and 2 F.
CHAPTER ONE THIN
LENSES.
A lens is conventionally defined as a piece of glass which is used to focus or change the
direction of a beam of light passing through it. They are mainly made of glass or plastic. Lens
are used in making spectacles, cameras, cinema projectors, microscopes and telescopes.
Types of thin lenses.
A lens which is thicker at its centre than at its edges converges light and is called convex or
converging lens. A lens which is thicker at its edges than at its centre diverges light and is
known as concave or diverging lens.
Properties of lenses.
1. Optical centre – this is the geometric centre of a lens which is usually shown using a black
dot in ray diagrams. A ray travelling through the optical centre passes through in a straight
line.
2. Centre of curvature – this is the geometric centre of the circle of which the lens surface is
part of. Since lenses have two surfaces there are two centres of curvature. C is used to
denote one centre while the other is denoted by C1.
, 3. Principal axis – this is an imaginary line which passes through the optical centre at right
angle to the lens.
4. Principal focus – this is a point through which all rays travelling parallel to the principal
axis pass after refraction through the lens. A lens has a principal focus on both its sides. F
is used to denote the principal focus
5. Focal length – this is the distance between the optical centre and the principal focus. It is
denoted by ‘f’.
The principal focus for a converging lens is real and virtual for a diverging lens. It is important to
note that the principal focus is not always halfway between the optical centre and the centre
of curvature as it i s in mirrors.
(b) Principal foci of a diverging lens
Images formed by thin lenses.
The nature, size and position of the image formed by a particular lens depends on the position of
the object in relation to the lens.
Construction of ray diagrams
,Three rays are of particular importance in the construction of ray diagrams.
1. A ray of light travelling parallel to the principal axis passes through the principal focus on
refraction through the lens. In case of a concave lens the ray is diverged in a way that it
appears to come from the principal focus.
2. A ray of light travelling through the optical centre goes un-deviated along the same path.
3. A ray of light travelling through the principal focus is refracted parallel to the principal axis
on passing through the lens. The construction of the rays is illustrated below.
Images formed by a converging lens.
1. Object between the lens and the principal focus.
- Image formed behind the object
- Virtual
- Erect
- Magnified
, 2. Object at infinity.
- Image formed at the principal focus of the lens
- Real
- Inverted
- Diminished
3. Object at the principal focus (at F).
- Image is at infinity.
4. Object between the principal focus (F) and 2 F.
