ð
ð BIOLOGY NOTES
ð Grade 11
0
,
,DIVERSITY, CHANGE AND CONTINUITY: MICRO- RECOMBINANT DNA ______________________ 11
ORGANISMS _____________________________ 0 TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY _______________ 11
THE SIZE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS _______________ 0 PLANT BIODIVERSITY _____________________ 12
VIRUSES _______________________________ 0
PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF PLANTS _______________ 12
Bacteriophage (Virus) ________________ 0
WHAT MAKES SOMETHING A PLANT? ___________ 13
Reproduction of viruses _______________ 1
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS_______________ 13
Effects of viruses on a body ____________ 1
BRYOPHYTES - MOSS ______________________ 16
The influenza virus ___________________ 1
Bryophyte (moss) ___________________ 16
Classification of viruses _______________ 2
Sporophyte generation _______________ 16
BACTERIA ______________________________ 2
Gametophyte generation _____________ 16
Bacterium cell_______________________ 2
PTERIDOPHYTES - FERN ____________________ 17
Characteristics of bacteria _____________ 2
Characteristics of pteridophytes _______ 17
Reproduction by binary fission__________ 3
Terms of pteridophytes ______________ 17
The Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria __________ 3
Pteridophyte (fern) __________________ 17
PROTISTS ______________________________ 4
SPERMATOPHYTES ________________________ 18
Structure and characteristics ___________ 4
1) GYMNOSPERMS____________________ 18
Algae _____________________________ 4
There are four divisions: ______________ 18
Protozoa ___________________________ 4
Structure: _________________________ 18
Amoeba ___________________________ 4
Gymnosperm – conifer _______________ 19
Slime and water moulds ______________ 5
Reproduction: Male microspores _______ 19
Reproduction of protists ______________ 5
Biological importance of pine trees _____ 20
The Malaria protist (Plasmodium) _______ 5
2) ANGIOSPERMS ____________________ 20
FUNGI ________________________________ 6
Angiosperm _______________________ 20
Structure and characteristics ___________ 6
Adaptions for pollination _____________ 21
Feeding method of saprophytes ________ 6
Double fertilization __________________ 21
Rhizopus (bread mould) _______________ 6
Seeds _____________________________ 22
Harmful fungi _______________________ 6
Reproduction in plants _______________ 22
Candidiasis (thrush) __________________ 7
ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY ____________________ 22
ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS _________ 7
Role as producers ____________________ 7 PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF ANIMALS ______________ 22
Role as decomposers _________________ 7 WHAT IS A PHYLUM? ______________________ 23
Symbiotic relationships _______________ 8 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO BODY
IMMUNITY ______________________________ 8 PLANS ________________________________ 23
Natural immunity ____________________ 8 1. SYMMETRY _______________________ 23
Acquired immunity ___________________ 9 1.1 Asymmetry _____________________ 23
Vaccination _______________________ 10 1.2 Radial symmetry _________________ 24
Plant immunity _____________________ 10 1.3 Bilateral symmetry _______________ 24
DRUGS AGAINST MICRO-ORGANISMS ___________ 10 2. CEPHALIZATION ____________________ 24
How do antibiotics work? ____________ 10 3. NUMBER OF TISSUE (GERM) LAYERS ______ 24
0
, 4. COELOM ________________________ 25 Chemical Formula ___________________ 34
5. GUT SYSTEMS _____________________ 26 The process of photosynthesis _________ 34
Blind gut __________________________ 26 Light Phase ________________________ 34
Through gut _______________________ 26 Dark Phase ________________________ 34
6. BLOOD SYSTEMS ___________________ 26 Summary _________________________ 35
Open system_______________________ 26 _________________________________ 35
Closed system ______________________ 26 Molecules to remember ______________ 35
EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING PHOTOSYNTHESIS _ 35
THE SIX PHYLA __________________________ 27
1. Carbon dioxide concentration ____ 35
PHYLUM PORIFERA _______________________ 27
2. Light intensity ________________ 36
Structure__________________________ 27
3. Temperature _________________ 36
Filter Feeding ______________________ 27
Biological importance of photosynthesis _ 36
PHYLUM CNIDARIA _______________________ 28
PRACTICALS ____________________________ 37
Functions _________________________ 28
Testing for Starch in a leaf ____________ 37
Difference between mesoglea and
Testing if sunlight is needed for
mesoderm ________________________ 28
photosynthesis _____________________ 37
Coelenterates ______________________ 28
CELLULAR RESPIRATION ___________________ 37
Structure__________________________ 28
Hydra Species ______________________ 29 CELLULAR RESPIRATION ____________________ 37
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES _________________ 29 Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration ___ 38
Flatworms ________________________ 29 THE MITOCHONDRIA ______________________ 38
PHYLUM ANNELIDA _______________________ 29 GLYCOLYSIS ____________________________ 39
Round Worms _____________________ 29 THE KREBS CYCLE ________________________ 39
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA ____________________ 30 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION _______________ 39
Advantages of Exoskeleton ___________ 31 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION ___________________ 39
Disadvantages of Exoskeleton _________ 31 Lactic Acid Fermentation _____________ 40
PHYLUM CHORDATA ______________________ 31 Alcoholic Fermentation ______________ 40
Fish ______________________________ 32 PRACTICALS ____________________________ 40
Amphibians _______________________ 32 Test for the presence of CO2 ___________ 40
Reptiles ___________________________ 32
NUTRITION _____________________________ 41
Birds _____________________________ 32
THE IMPORTANCE OF FOOD _________________ 41
Mammals _________________________ 32
PROCESSES OF NUTRITION __________________ 41
Ecological and agricultural importance of
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ______________ 41
invertebrates ______________________ 32
Accessory Organs ___________________ 42
PHOTOSYNTHESIS ________________________ 33
MOUTH CAVITY _________________________ 42
LIFE AND ENERGY ________________________ 33 Functions of the mouth ______________ 42
CHLOROPLAST __________________________ 33 Functions of the tongue ______________ 42
PHOTOSYNTHESIS ________________________ 33 SALIVARY GLANDS ________________________ 42
What is photosynthesis? _____________ 34 Functions of saliva __________________ 42
1
ð BIOLOGY NOTES
ð Grade 11
0
,
,DIVERSITY, CHANGE AND CONTINUITY: MICRO- RECOMBINANT DNA ______________________ 11
ORGANISMS _____________________________ 0 TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY _______________ 11
THE SIZE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS _______________ 0 PLANT BIODIVERSITY _____________________ 12
VIRUSES _______________________________ 0
PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF PLANTS _______________ 12
Bacteriophage (Virus) ________________ 0
WHAT MAKES SOMETHING A PLANT? ___________ 13
Reproduction of viruses _______________ 1
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS_______________ 13
Effects of viruses on a body ____________ 1
BRYOPHYTES - MOSS ______________________ 16
The influenza virus ___________________ 1
Bryophyte (moss) ___________________ 16
Classification of viruses _______________ 2
Sporophyte generation _______________ 16
BACTERIA ______________________________ 2
Gametophyte generation _____________ 16
Bacterium cell_______________________ 2
PTERIDOPHYTES - FERN ____________________ 17
Characteristics of bacteria _____________ 2
Characteristics of pteridophytes _______ 17
Reproduction by binary fission__________ 3
Terms of pteridophytes ______________ 17
The Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria __________ 3
Pteridophyte (fern) __________________ 17
PROTISTS ______________________________ 4
SPERMATOPHYTES ________________________ 18
Structure and characteristics ___________ 4
1) GYMNOSPERMS____________________ 18
Algae _____________________________ 4
There are four divisions: ______________ 18
Protozoa ___________________________ 4
Structure: _________________________ 18
Amoeba ___________________________ 4
Gymnosperm – conifer _______________ 19
Slime and water moulds ______________ 5
Reproduction: Male microspores _______ 19
Reproduction of protists ______________ 5
Biological importance of pine trees _____ 20
The Malaria protist (Plasmodium) _______ 5
2) ANGIOSPERMS ____________________ 20
FUNGI ________________________________ 6
Angiosperm _______________________ 20
Structure and characteristics ___________ 6
Adaptions for pollination _____________ 21
Feeding method of saprophytes ________ 6
Double fertilization __________________ 21
Rhizopus (bread mould) _______________ 6
Seeds _____________________________ 22
Harmful fungi _______________________ 6
Reproduction in plants _______________ 22
Candidiasis (thrush) __________________ 7
ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY ____________________ 22
ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS _________ 7
Role as producers ____________________ 7 PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF ANIMALS ______________ 22
Role as decomposers _________________ 7 WHAT IS A PHYLUM? ______________________ 23
Symbiotic relationships _______________ 8 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO BODY
IMMUNITY ______________________________ 8 PLANS ________________________________ 23
Natural immunity ____________________ 8 1. SYMMETRY _______________________ 23
Acquired immunity ___________________ 9 1.1 Asymmetry _____________________ 23
Vaccination _______________________ 10 1.2 Radial symmetry _________________ 24
Plant immunity _____________________ 10 1.3 Bilateral symmetry _______________ 24
DRUGS AGAINST MICRO-ORGANISMS ___________ 10 2. CEPHALIZATION ____________________ 24
How do antibiotics work? ____________ 10 3. NUMBER OF TISSUE (GERM) LAYERS ______ 24
0
, 4. COELOM ________________________ 25 Chemical Formula ___________________ 34
5. GUT SYSTEMS _____________________ 26 The process of photosynthesis _________ 34
Blind gut __________________________ 26 Light Phase ________________________ 34
Through gut _______________________ 26 Dark Phase ________________________ 34
6. BLOOD SYSTEMS ___________________ 26 Summary _________________________ 35
Open system_______________________ 26 _________________________________ 35
Closed system ______________________ 26 Molecules to remember ______________ 35
EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING PHOTOSYNTHESIS _ 35
THE SIX PHYLA __________________________ 27
1. Carbon dioxide concentration ____ 35
PHYLUM PORIFERA _______________________ 27
2. Light intensity ________________ 36
Structure__________________________ 27
3. Temperature _________________ 36
Filter Feeding ______________________ 27
Biological importance of photosynthesis _ 36
PHYLUM CNIDARIA _______________________ 28
PRACTICALS ____________________________ 37
Functions _________________________ 28
Testing for Starch in a leaf ____________ 37
Difference between mesoglea and
Testing if sunlight is needed for
mesoderm ________________________ 28
photosynthesis _____________________ 37
Coelenterates ______________________ 28
CELLULAR RESPIRATION ___________________ 37
Structure__________________________ 28
Hydra Species ______________________ 29 CELLULAR RESPIRATION ____________________ 37
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES _________________ 29 Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration ___ 38
Flatworms ________________________ 29 THE MITOCHONDRIA ______________________ 38
PHYLUM ANNELIDA _______________________ 29 GLYCOLYSIS ____________________________ 39
Round Worms _____________________ 29 THE KREBS CYCLE ________________________ 39
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA ____________________ 30 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION _______________ 39
Advantages of Exoskeleton ___________ 31 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION ___________________ 39
Disadvantages of Exoskeleton _________ 31 Lactic Acid Fermentation _____________ 40
PHYLUM CHORDATA ______________________ 31 Alcoholic Fermentation ______________ 40
Fish ______________________________ 32 PRACTICALS ____________________________ 40
Amphibians _______________________ 32 Test for the presence of CO2 ___________ 40
Reptiles ___________________________ 32
NUTRITION _____________________________ 41
Birds _____________________________ 32
THE IMPORTANCE OF FOOD _________________ 41
Mammals _________________________ 32
PROCESSES OF NUTRITION __________________ 41
Ecological and agricultural importance of
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ______________ 41
invertebrates ______________________ 32
Accessory Organs ___________________ 42
PHOTOSYNTHESIS ________________________ 33
MOUTH CAVITY _________________________ 42
LIFE AND ENERGY ________________________ 33 Functions of the mouth ______________ 42
CHLOROPLAST __________________________ 33 Functions of the tongue ______________ 42
PHOTOSYNTHESIS ________________________ 33 SALIVARY GLANDS ________________________ 42
What is photosynthesis? _____________ 34 Functions of saliva __________________ 42
1
