Respiratory system
e.g
Bradykinin inactivation
Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Detection of odours
9
metabolism of compounds q Gas exchange
Immune
froleggT intake 02 I deliver to cells
eliminate coz I waste product
e.gltIghion Regulation filtration air
Immunoglobulins of bloodpH of inspired
vocalisation
Interface between external and internal environment
process of respiration
bulk flow of air in loot of lungs
Breathing 1 ventilation
Gas exchange between air in bungs and blood 02 in 1 CO2 out
Gas transport around body bound to haemoglobin
Gas exchange between blood and body cells 02 release 1 CO2 uptake
cellular metabolism 02 Consumption CO2 production
Respiratory system maintains blood gases constantly in health
not
limiting factor
Lots of reserve
Pa02 98mmHg 113hPa partial pressure
PaCO2 40mmHg S 3hPa in blood
Arterial oxygen content
Oxygen content of arterial blood depends on amount
in plasma and bound to haemoglobin
of oxygen dissolved
02 dissolves in plasma before binding to Hb
, VENTILATION 02 TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION
Challenges to respiratory function
Respiratory mechanics impaired ventilation e g muscle contraction obstruction
Pulmonary circulation altered perfusion
g pressure change
e
Lung ultrastructure impaired gas transfer across blood gas interface
Blood composition altered gas transport e g RBC availability anemia
Control of respiration impaired respiratory reflexes e g receptors in brain
Ventilation mechanism
Alveolar ventilation Transmural pressure
Rate t depth gradient becomes more
Airway resistance negative when volume
Lung compliance of thorax increases
Inspiration
1 Contraction of diaphragm and
external intercostal muscles
2 Increase in volume of thorax compliance
3 Fall in intrapleural pressure between lungs and chest wall
4 Expansion of alveoli compliance
5 Reduction in alveolar pressure
6 Flow of air into lungs airway resistance
Transmural gradient across alveoli increases difference between intrapleural
pressure and alveolar pressure
Alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric when expanded usually atmospheric
Air moves in down pressure gradient
ntrapleural pressure pressure of air within pleural cavity
always negative
Lower than intra alveolar pressure
ntra alveolar pressure pressure of air within alveoli
e.g
Bradykinin inactivation
Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Detection of odours
9
metabolism of compounds q Gas exchange
Immune
froleggT intake 02 I deliver to cells
eliminate coz I waste product
e.gltIghion Regulation filtration air
Immunoglobulins of bloodpH of inspired
vocalisation
Interface between external and internal environment
process of respiration
bulk flow of air in loot of lungs
Breathing 1 ventilation
Gas exchange between air in bungs and blood 02 in 1 CO2 out
Gas transport around body bound to haemoglobin
Gas exchange between blood and body cells 02 release 1 CO2 uptake
cellular metabolism 02 Consumption CO2 production
Respiratory system maintains blood gases constantly in health
not
limiting factor
Lots of reserve
Pa02 98mmHg 113hPa partial pressure
PaCO2 40mmHg S 3hPa in blood
Arterial oxygen content
Oxygen content of arterial blood depends on amount
in plasma and bound to haemoglobin
of oxygen dissolved
02 dissolves in plasma before binding to Hb
, VENTILATION 02 TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION
Challenges to respiratory function
Respiratory mechanics impaired ventilation e g muscle contraction obstruction
Pulmonary circulation altered perfusion
g pressure change
e
Lung ultrastructure impaired gas transfer across blood gas interface
Blood composition altered gas transport e g RBC availability anemia
Control of respiration impaired respiratory reflexes e g receptors in brain
Ventilation mechanism
Alveolar ventilation Transmural pressure
Rate t depth gradient becomes more
Airway resistance negative when volume
Lung compliance of thorax increases
Inspiration
1 Contraction of diaphragm and
external intercostal muscles
2 Increase in volume of thorax compliance
3 Fall in intrapleural pressure between lungs and chest wall
4 Expansion of alveoli compliance
5 Reduction in alveolar pressure
6 Flow of air into lungs airway resistance
Transmural gradient across alveoli increases difference between intrapleural
pressure and alveolar pressure
Alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric when expanded usually atmospheric
Air moves in down pressure gradient
ntrapleural pressure pressure of air within pleural cavity
always negative
Lower than intra alveolar pressure
ntra alveolar pressure pressure of air within alveoli
