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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy: is what you see with your eyes in the human body.
Microscopic Anatomy: examines cells and molecules.
Cytology: study of cells.
Histology: study of tissues.
Physiology: is the study of functions of anatomical structures.
*Smallest living is a CELL.
*Smallest organisms is a ATOM.
Levels of Hierarchy
Atom- the most basic complete unit of an element.
Molecule- a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a
chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Organelles- are cells parts that function within a cell.
Cells- the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things created. Is one individual
cell.
Tissues- a group of cells with similar structure that functions together as a unit, but at a lower
level than organs.
,Organ- a self contained part of an organism that performs specific functions. Is formed by two
or more similar tissues.
Organ System- functional groups of organs that work together within the body: circulatory,
integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic,
muscular and nervous.
Humans have 11 Organ Systems.
Cells Structure
Nucleus- holds the cells DNA in form of chromatin
Ribosomes- small structures that build proteins “amino acids”.
Golgi Apparatus- modifies and packages proteins secreted from cell.
Vacuoles- storage, digestion and waste removal.
Cytoskeletal- series of rod shaped proteins that provide shape/support cell.
Microtubules- part of the cytoskeletal.
Cytosol- liquid material in cell.
Cell membrane- separate internal and external cellular environment allows material to
enter and exit cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum- smooth or rough transport system of the cell.
Mitochondria- generates ATP powerhouse of the cell. ATP production is called cellular
respiration
Animal Cells
Centrosome- pairs of centrioles involved in mitosis.
Centriole- cylinders involved in cellular division.
Lysosomes- the purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or
break down the cell when it dies.
,Cilia- cause cell to move.
Flagella- whip tail to move cell.
TISSUES:
Group of CELLS.
Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, Connective.
1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) Example. Skin
2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) Example. Tissue, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments, Fat,
Blood, Lymph.
It protects and binds body parts.
a. Cartilage: cushions and provides structural support
Fibrous
b. Blood: transport oxygen to cells and removes waste. Also carries hormones and
defends against disease.
c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells
3. Muscle: supports and move body
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
4. Nervous: Example. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Neurons: control responses to changes in environment.
Mitosis - it has 4 phases. Pink MAT / Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Interphase - Cell prepares for division by replicating genetic/cytoplasmic material.
Prophase - Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to
disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form.
, Metaphase - Spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along center of spindle
structure.
Anaphase - Chromosome pairs pull apart into daughter chromosomes.
Telophase - Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms or is pinched.
Cytokinesis - Physical splitting of cell.
Meiosis- same as mitosis except happens twice, results in four daughter cells instead of two.
Mature haploid male and female germ cell uniting in sexual reproduction.
Gametes in female = Egg
Gametes in Male = Sperm
Meiosis is when gametes produce a zygote.
Zygote: controls cell differentiation. It forms during fertilization. The cells from each parent that
combine to form a zygote are called gametes. Zygote is the first stage of reproduction.
1. Respiratory System
main functions are the critical tasks of transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the
body’s cell and moving carbon dioxide in the other direction.
Nasal Cavity - air passage that warms, moistens, and filters air, and also contains olfactory
receptors. Medially divided by the nasal septum.
External Nares - the visible ‘nostrils’ that are the entrances into the nasal cavity
The Larynx - air passage that connects the pharynx to the trachea, composed of individual
cartilages, mostly hyaline. Commonly called the voice box for its additional function of voice
production.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy: is what you see with your eyes in the human body.
Microscopic Anatomy: examines cells and molecules.
Cytology: study of cells.
Histology: study of tissues.
Physiology: is the study of functions of anatomical structures.
*Smallest living is a CELL.
*Smallest organisms is a ATOM.
Levels of Hierarchy
Atom- the most basic complete unit of an element.
Molecule- a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a
chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Organelles- are cells parts that function within a cell.
Cells- the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things created. Is one individual
cell.
Tissues- a group of cells with similar structure that functions together as a unit, but at a lower
level than organs.
,Organ- a self contained part of an organism that performs specific functions. Is formed by two
or more similar tissues.
Organ System- functional groups of organs that work together within the body: circulatory,
integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic,
muscular and nervous.
Humans have 11 Organ Systems.
Cells Structure
Nucleus- holds the cells DNA in form of chromatin
Ribosomes- small structures that build proteins “amino acids”.
Golgi Apparatus- modifies and packages proteins secreted from cell.
Vacuoles- storage, digestion and waste removal.
Cytoskeletal- series of rod shaped proteins that provide shape/support cell.
Microtubules- part of the cytoskeletal.
Cytosol- liquid material in cell.
Cell membrane- separate internal and external cellular environment allows material to
enter and exit cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum- smooth or rough transport system of the cell.
Mitochondria- generates ATP powerhouse of the cell. ATP production is called cellular
respiration
Animal Cells
Centrosome- pairs of centrioles involved in mitosis.
Centriole- cylinders involved in cellular division.
Lysosomes- the purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or
break down the cell when it dies.
,Cilia- cause cell to move.
Flagella- whip tail to move cell.
TISSUES:
Group of CELLS.
Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, Connective.
1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) Example. Skin
2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) Example. Tissue, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments, Fat,
Blood, Lymph.
It protects and binds body parts.
a. Cartilage: cushions and provides structural support
Fibrous
b. Blood: transport oxygen to cells and removes waste. Also carries hormones and
defends against disease.
c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells
3. Muscle: supports and move body
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
4. Nervous: Example. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Neurons: control responses to changes in environment.
Mitosis - it has 4 phases. Pink MAT / Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Interphase - Cell prepares for division by replicating genetic/cytoplasmic material.
Prophase - Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to
disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form.
, Metaphase - Spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along center of spindle
structure.
Anaphase - Chromosome pairs pull apart into daughter chromosomes.
Telophase - Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms or is pinched.
Cytokinesis - Physical splitting of cell.
Meiosis- same as mitosis except happens twice, results in four daughter cells instead of two.
Mature haploid male and female germ cell uniting in sexual reproduction.
Gametes in female = Egg
Gametes in Male = Sperm
Meiosis is when gametes produce a zygote.
Zygote: controls cell differentiation. It forms during fertilization. The cells from each parent that
combine to form a zygote are called gametes. Zygote is the first stage of reproduction.
1. Respiratory System
main functions are the critical tasks of transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the
body’s cell and moving carbon dioxide in the other direction.
Nasal Cavity - air passage that warms, moistens, and filters air, and also contains olfactory
receptors. Medially divided by the nasal septum.
External Nares - the visible ‘nostrils’ that are the entrances into the nasal cavity
The Larynx - air passage that connects the pharynx to the trachea, composed of individual
cartilages, mostly hyaline. Commonly called the voice box for its additional function of voice
production.
